{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T08:51:15Z","timestamp":1762073475094,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service","award":["#2090-32000-040-000-D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2090-32000-040-000-D"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Offshore fund","award":["#2090-32000-040-000-D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2090-32000-040-000-D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tick-transmitted disease bovine babesiosis causes significant economic losses in many countries around the world. Current control methods include modified live-attenuated vaccines that have limited efficacy. Recombinant proteins could provide effective, safe, and low-cost alternative vaccines. We compared the expression of the Babesia bovis thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family from parasites in bovine blood, in vitro induced sexual stages, and kinetes from tick hemolymph. Quantitative PCR showed that in blood and sexual stages, TRAP3 was highly transcribed as compared to the other TRAPs. In contrast, the TRAP1 gene was highly transcribed in kinetes as compared to the other TRAPs. Fixed immunofluorescence assays showed that TRAP2, 3, and 4 proteins were expressed by both blood and sexual stages. Conversely, TRAP1 protein, undetected on blood and induced sexual stages, was the only family member expressed by kinetes. Live IFA revealed that TRAP2, 3, and 4 proteins were expressed on the surface of both B. bovis blood and sexual stages. Modeling of B. bovis TRAP1 and TRAP4 tertiary structure demonstrated both proteins folded the metal-ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) domain structure of Plasmodium TRAP. In conclusion, TRAP proteins may serve as potential vaccine targets to prevent infection of bovine and ticks with B. bovis essential for controlling the spread of bovine babesiosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10112173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T03:36:44Z","timestamp":1667360204000},"page":"2173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Thrombospondin-Related Anonymous Protein (TRAP) Family Expression by Babesia bovis Life Stages within the Mammalian Host and Tick Vector"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hayley E.","family":"Masterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5928-6232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi S.","family":"Taus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendell C.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4081-4995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lowell","family":"Kappmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8571-5870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janaina","family":"Capelli-Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1912-2377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hala E.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle R.","family":"Mousel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego J.","family":"Hernandez-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Laughery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8892-6390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Mosqueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2680-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massaro W.","family":"Ueti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"},{"name":"Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.34.2.2385","article-title":"Babesiosis","volume":"34","author":"Beugnet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. 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