{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T06:11:42Z","timestamp":1790489502242,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Identification of pathogenic bacteria in Crohn\u2019s disease","award":["NIH grant R21 DK118373 to A.R.-P."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH grant R21 DK118373 to A.R.-P."]}]},{"name":"Identification of pathogenic bacteria in Crohn\u2019s disease","award":["882584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["882584"]}]},{"name":"Identification of pathogenic bacteria in Crohn\u2019s disease","award":["IRSIP 48 BMS 30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRSIP 48 BMS 30"]}]},{"name":"Litwin IBD Pioneers Award to A.R.-P. from the Crohn\u2019s and Colitis foundation","award":["NIH grant R21 DK118373 to A.R.-P."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH grant R21 DK118373 to A.R.-P."]}]},{"name":"Litwin IBD Pioneers Award to A.R.-P. from the Crohn\u2019s and Colitis foundation","award":["882584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["882584"]}]},{"name":"Litwin IBD Pioneers Award to A.R.-P. from the Crohn\u2019s and Colitis foundation","award":["IRSIP 48 BMS 30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRSIP 48 BMS 30"]}]},{"name":"International Research Support Initiative Program (IRSIP), Higher Education Commission of Pakistan","award":["NIH grant R21 DK118373 to A.R.-P."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH grant R21 DK118373 to A.R.-P."]}]},{"name":"International Research Support Initiative Program (IRSIP), Higher Education Commission of Pakistan","award":["882584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["882584"]}]},{"name":"International Research Support Initiative Program (IRSIP), Higher Education Commission of Pakistan","award":["IRSIP 48 BMS 30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRSIP 48 BMS 30"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Weissella is a genus earlier considered a member of the family Leuconostocaceae, which was reclassified into the family Lactobacillaceae in 1993. Recently, there have been studies emphasizing the probiotic and anti-inflammatory potential of various species of Weissella, of which W. confusa and W. cibaria are the most representative. Other species within this genus include: W. paramesenteroides,\u00a0W. viridescens,\u00a0W. halotolerans, W. minor, W. kandleri,\u00a0W. soli,\u00a0W. ghanensis, W. hellenica,\u00a0W. thailandensis,\u00a0W. fabalis,\u00a0W. cryptocerci, W. koreensis, W. beninensis, W. fabaria, W. oryzae,\u00a0W. ceti, W. uvarum, W. bombi, W. sagaensis, W. kimchi,\u00a0W. muntiaci, W. jogaejeotgali, W. coleopterorum, W. hanii, W. salipiscis, and W. diestrammenae. Weissella confusa, W. paramesenteroides, W. koreensis, and W. cibaria are among the few species that have been isolated from human samples, although the identification of these and other species is possible using metagenomics, as we have shown for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and healthy controls. We were able to isolate Weissella in gut-associated bacteria (post 24 h food deprivation and laxatives). Other sources of isolation include fermented food, soil, and skin\/gut\/saliva of insects\/animals. With the potential for hospital and industrial applications, there is a concern about possible infections. Herein, we present the current applications of Weissella on its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory mechanistic effects, the predisposing factors (e.g., vancomycin) for pathogenicity in humans, and the antimicrobials used in patients. To address the medical concerns, we examined 28 case reports focused on W. confusa and found that 78.5% of infections were bacteremia (of which 7 were fatal; 1 for lack of treatment), 8 were associated with underlying malignancies, and 8 with gastrointestinal procedures\/diseases of which 2 were Crohn\u2019s disease patients. In cases of a successful resolution, commonly administered antibiotics included: cephalosporin, ampicillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and daptomycin. Despite reports of Weissella-related infections, the evolving mechanistic findings suggest that Weissella are clinically treatable bacteria with emerging antimicrobial and probiotic benefits ranging from oral health, skin care, obesity, and inflammatory diseases to cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T02:17:57Z","timestamp":1670465877000},"page":"2427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["The Weissella Genus: Clinically Treatable Bacteria with Antimicrobial\/Probiotic Effects on Inflammation and Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4404-2037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadia","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"National Probiotic Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1311-2362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sargun","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaidhvi","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle D.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9366-1419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arsalan","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Probiotic Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Rodriguez-Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"University Hospitals Research and Education Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003937","article-title":"Weissella muntiaci sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Formosan barking deer (Muntiacus reevesi)","volume":"70","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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