{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T04:16:18Z","timestamp":1787976978947,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Grants Commission, New Delhi","award":["816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["816"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe ocular infections by Acanthamoeba sp. lead to keratitis, resulting in irreversible vision loss in immune-compromised individuals. When a protozoal infection spreads to neural tissues, it causes granulomatous encephalitis, which can be fatal. Treatment often takes longer due to the transition of amoeba from trophozoites to cyst stages, cyst being the dormant form of Acanthamoeba. A prolonged use of therapeutic agents, such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro), results in severe side effects; thus, it is critical to improve the therapeutic efficacy of these widely used antibiotics, possibly by limiting the drug-sensitive protozoal-phase transition to cyst formation. Owing to the biomedical potential of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), we evaluated the synergistic effects of ciprofloxacin and Rhizobium pusense\u2013biogenic SeNPs combination. SeNPs synthesized using Rhizobium pusense isolated from root nodules were characterized using UV\u2013Visible spectrophotometer, FT-IR, SEM with EDX, particle size analysis, and Zeta potential. The combination was observed to reduce the sub-lethal dose of Cipro, which may help reduce its side effects. The selenium and ciprofloxacin (SeNPs\u2013Cipro) combination reduced the LC50 by 33.43%. The anti-protozoal efficacy of SeNPs\u2013Cipro was found to transduce through decreased protozoal-cyst formations and the inhibition of the galactosidase and protease enzymes of trophozoites. Furthermore, high leakage of sugar, proteins, and amino acids during the SeNPs\u2013Cipro treatment was one primary reason for killing the trophozoites. These experimental results may be helpful in the further pre-clinical evaluation of SeNPs\u2013Cipro to combat protozoal infections. Future studies for combinations of SeNPs with other antibiotics need to be conducted to know the potential of SeNPs against antibiotic resistance in Acanthamoeba.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T06:58:29Z","timestamp":1671433109000},"page":"2502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Rhizobium pusense-Mediated Selenium Nanoparticles\u2013Antibiotics Combinations against Acanthamoeba sp."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Pradnya B.","family":"Nikam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitendra D.","family":"Salunkhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3613-5842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiran R.","family":"Marathe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mousa A.","family":"Alghuthaymi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Science and Humanities College, Shaqra University, Alquwayiyah 11971, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4042-4022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamel A.","family":"Abd-Elsalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satish V.","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2012.03.002","article-title":"Pathogenic free-living amoebae: Epidemiology and clinical review","volume":"60","author":"Trabelsi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.273-307.2003","article-title":"Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in humans","volume":"16","author":"Cabral","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biology and pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba","volume":"5","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acanthamoeba keratitis","volume":"2","author":"Gautom","year":"1997","journal-title":"Duane\u2019s Found. Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2727-3","article-title":"In vitro amoebicidal activity of ethanol extracts of Arachis hypogaea L., Curcuma longa L. and Pancratium maritimum L. on Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts","volume":"110","author":"Ismail","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0882-4010(03)00061-5","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba infections","volume":"34","author":"Khan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.2008\/003459-0","article-title":"The potential pathogenicity of chlorhexidine-sensitive Acanthamoeba strains isolated from contact lens cases from asymptomatic individuals in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain","volume":"57","author":"Rancel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2004.01.002","article-title":"Opportunistic amoebae: Challenges in prophylaxis and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Schuster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00300-09","article-title":"Major role for cysteine proteases during the early phase of Acanthamoeba castellanii encystment","volume":"9","author":"Leitsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12195","article-title":"Amoebicidal activity of phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles and their in vitro cytotoxicity to human cells","volume":"345","author":"Borase","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiollett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00263","article-title":"Repositioning of guanabenz in conjugation with gold and silver nanoparticles against pathogenic amoebae Acanthamoeba castellanii and Naegleriafowleri","volume":"5","author":"Anwar","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04453-z","article-title":"Tannic acid-modified silver nanoparticles enhance the anti-Acanthamoeba activity of three multipurpose contact lens solutions without increasing their cytotoxicity","volume":"13","author":"Hendiger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendiger, E.B., Padzik, M., Sifaoui, I., Reyes-Batlle, M., L\u00f3pez-Arencibia, A., Zyskowska, D., Grodzik, M., Pietruczuk-Padzik, A., Hendiger, J., and Ol\u0119dzka, G. (2021). Silver Nanoparticles Conjugated with Contact Lens Solutions May Reduce the Risk of Acanthamoeba Keratitis. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050583"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, C., Li, Y., and Tjong, S.C. (2019). Bactericidal and cytotoxic properties of silver nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020449"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferdous, Z., and Nemmar, A. (2020). Health impact of silver nanoparticles: A review of the bio distribution and toxicity following various routes of exposure. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072375"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.03.033","article-title":"In-vitro development of an effective treatment for Acanthamoeba keratitis","volume":"50","author":"Belloc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eszenyi, P., Sztrik, A., Babka, B., and Prokisch, J. (2011). Elemental, nano-sized (100\u2013500 nm) selenium production by probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Int. J. Biosci. Biochem. Bioinform., 1.","DOI":"10.7763\/IJBBB.2011.V1.27"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., Guo, Y., Qiao, L., Ma, L., Cheng, Y., and Roman, A. (2018). Biogenic synthesis of novel functionalized selenium nanoparticles by Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 and its protective effects on intestinal barrier dysfunction caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01129"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2017-0024","article-title":"Selenium nanoparticles: Potential in cancer gene and drug delivery","volume":"12","author":"Maiyo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.146","article-title":"Therapeutic applications of selenium nanoparticles","volume":"111","author":"Khurana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00617.x","article-title":"Selenite-reducing capacity of the copper-containing nitrite reductase of Rhizobium sullae","volume":"269","author":"Basaglia","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiollett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnan, A., and Chuturgoon, A. (2020). The Importance of Nano-materials Characterization Techniques. Integrative Nanomedicine for New Therapies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36260-7"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-012-2176-4","article-title":"Comparison of UVA-and UVA\/riboflavin-induced growth inhibition of Acanthamoeba castellanii","volume":"251","author":"Makdoumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Graefes. Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.03.018","article-title":"Inefficacy of marketed contact lens disinfection solutions against keratitis-causing Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype","volume":"141","author":"Lakhundi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5701-x","article-title":"Silver nanoparticle conjugation affects anti-acanthamoebic activities of amphotericin B, nystatin, and fluconazole","volume":"117","author":"Anwar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-020-0960-9","article-title":"Antiamoebic activity of plant-based natural products and their conjugated silver nanoparticles against Acanthamoeba castellanii (ATCC 50492)","volume":"10","author":"Anwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.04.009","article-title":"Carbohydrate analysis of Acanthamoeba castellanii","volume":"122","author":"Dudley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijayakumar, S., and Ganesan, S. (2012). In vitro cytotoxicity assay on gold nanoparticles with different stabilizing agents. J. Nanomater., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/734398"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1857","article-title":"Fusariumoxysporum a bio-factory for nano selenium compounds: Synthesis and characterization","volume":"25","author":"Imani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Iran"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42834-020-00072-6","article-title":"Catalytical degradation of industrial dyes using biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles and evaluating its antimicrobial activities","volume":"31","author":"Menon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunti, L., Dass, R.S., and Kalagatur, N.K. (2019). Phytofabrication of selenium nanoparticles from Emblicaofficinalis fruit extract and exploring its biopotential applications: Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and biocompatibility. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00931"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"189","article-title":"Methods involved in the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and their different applications\u2014A review","volume":"6","author":"Murugesan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11226","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra23284k","article-title":"Morphology and structure of antibacterial nanocomposite organic\u2013polymer and metal\u2013polymer coatings deposited from active gas phase","volume":"3","author":"Rogachev","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1007\/s11671-007-9104-2","article-title":"In vitro structural and functional 506 evaluation of gold nanoparticles conjugated antibiotics","volume":"2","author":"Saha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.ima03bs21","article-title":"Trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability","volume":"21","author":"Strober","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1997.00305.x","article-title":"Biguanide-induced changes in Acanthamoeba castellanii: An electron microscopic study","volume":"84","author":"Khunkitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.1.147","article-title":"Antiseptics and disinfectants: Activity, action, and resistance","volume":"12","author":"McDonnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anwar, A., Khan, N.A., and Siddiqui, R. (2018). Combating Acanthamoeba spp. cysts: What are the options?. Parasites Vectors, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2572-z"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.01.006","article-title":"Acanthamoeba keratitis: An emerging disease gathering importance worldwide?","volume":"29","author":"Valladares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, G., Kalra, S.K., Tejan, N., and Ghoshal, U. (2020). Nanoparticles based therapeutic efficacy against Acanthamoeba: Updates and future prospect. Exp. Parasitol., 218.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.108008"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferro, C., Florindo, H.F., and Santos, H.A. (2021). Selenium nanoparticles for biomedical applications: From development and characterization to therapeutics. Adv. Healthc. Mater., 10.","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202100598"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, W., Zhang, J., Xu, J.F., and Pi, J. (2021). The advancing of selenium nanoparticles against infectious diseases. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.682284"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avenda\u00f1o, R., Chaves, N., Fuentes, P., S\u00e1nchez, E., Jim\u00e9nez, J.I., and Chavarr\u00eda Vargas, M. (2016). Production of selenium nanoparticles in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37155"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shubharani, R., Mahesh, M., and Yogananda Murthy, V. (2019). Biosynthesis and characterization, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of selenium nanoparticles from ethanol extract of Bee Propolis. J. Nanomed. Nanotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7439.1000522"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vahdati, M., and Tohidi Moghadam, T. (2020). Synthesis and Characterization of Selenium Nanoparticles-Lysozyme Nanohybrid System with Synergistic Antibacterial Properties. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-57333-7"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.17509\/ijost.v4i1.15806","article-title":"How to read and interpret FTIR spectroscope of organic material","volume":"4","author":"Nandiyanto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indones. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700563","article-title":"Acanthamoeba keratitis update\u2014Incidence, molecular epidemiology and new drugs for treatment","volume":"17","author":"Seal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Niyyati, M., Sasani, R., Mohebali, M., Ghazikhansari, M., Kargar, F., Hajialilo, E., and Rezaeian, M. (2018). Anti-Acanthamoeba effects of silver and gold nanoparticles and contact lenses disinfection solutions. Iran J. Parasitol., 13."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.09.007","article-title":"Status of the effectiveness of contact lens disinfectants in Malaysia against keratitis-causing pathogens","volume":"183","author":"Abjani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2014.09.001","article-title":"Status of the effectiveness of contact lens solutions against keratitis-causing pathogens","volume":"38","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cont. Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salunkhe, J.D., Mohite, B.V., and Patil, S.V. (2022). Naringenin biosynthesis and fabrication of naringenin mediated nano silver conjugate for antimicrobial potential. Nat. Prod. Res., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2022.2147931"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6049-6","article-title":"Tannic acid-modified silver nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic agent against Acanthamoeba","volume":"117","author":"Padzik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01123-15","article-title":"Nanoparticle conjugation enhances the antiacanthamoebic effects of chlorhexidine","volume":"60","author":"Aqeel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00635-4","article-title":"Acanthamoeba keratitis as a complication of orthokeratology","volume":"136","author":"Xuguang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7090","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.15.7090","article-title":"Conserved catalytic machinery and the prediction of a common fold for several families of glycosyl hydrolases","volume":"92","author":"Henrissat","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"197","article-title":"Proteolytic enzymes of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Acanthamoeba spp.","volume":"44","author":"Hadas","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol. Off. Organ Dtsch. Trop. Ges. Dtsch. Ges. Tech. (GTZ)"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1994.1041","article-title":"Partial characterization of the proteolytic secretions of Acanthamoeba polyphaga","volume":"78","author":"Mitro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.8.2858-2861.2000","article-title":"Proteases as markers for differentiation of pathogenic and nonpathogenic species of Acanthamoeba","volume":"38","author":"Khan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.12.3320-3321.1988","article-title":"Elastase in the pathogenic free-living amoebae Naegleria and Acanthamoeba spp.","volume":"56","author":"Ferrante","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.1.5-10.1998","article-title":"Mannose induces the release of cytopathic factors from Acanthamoeba castellanii","volume":"66","author":"Leher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/12\/2502\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:43:06Z","timestamp":1760146986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/10\/12\/2502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms10122502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10122502","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]}}}