{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T02:58:35Z","timestamp":1779332315746,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Medicopsis romeroi phaeohyphomycosis is increasingly reported in immunocompromised patients living in or originating from tropical and subtropical areas. We report a case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by M. romeroi in a 56-year-old Malian woman residing in France for 20 years. She developed a small nodule on her dominant hand\u2019s ring finger 15 months after starting immunosuppressive medications for paraneoplastic dermatomyositis. A first surgical debridement was followed by a local recurrence. Despite a second surgical excision combined with posaconazole treatment, the infection recurred one year after antifungal therapy discontinuation. A wide excision was performed again, and antifungal therapy was resumed and maintained for six months, resulting in the absence of relapse during the 18 months following the surgery. This case highlighted the high risk of relapse in immunocompromised patients, suggesting the need for long-term follow-up and prolonged antifungal treatment following surgical excision in cases with sustained immunosuppression. The literature review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines and included 51 scientific publications. A noteworthy predominance of the subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis presentation was found in immunocompromised patients, whereas eumycetoma had been reported in apparently healthy individuals. A combination of complete excision with antifungal treatment seemed to confer the best outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T05:08:54Z","timestamp":1671512934000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Recurrent Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis Due to Medicopsis\u00a0romeroi: A Case Report in a Dermatomyositis Patient and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mohanad","family":"Aljundi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis (HUPSSD), 93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Brun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis (HUPSSD), 93000 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Inserm UMR 1125 Li2P, UFR SMBH L\u00e9onard de Vinci, Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord (USPN), 93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Akhoundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis (HUPSSD), 93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morgane","family":"Didier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roula","family":"Jabbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arezki","family":"Izri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis (HUPSSD), 93000 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Inserm UMR 1125 Li2P, UFR SMBH L\u00e9onard de Vinci, Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord (USPN), 93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Caux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis (HUPSSD), 93000 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Inserm UMR 1125 Li2P, UFR SMBH L\u00e9onard de Vinci, Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord (USPN), 93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Bohelay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Paris Seine-Saint-Denis (HUPSSD), 93000 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Inserm UMR 1125 Li2P, UFR SMBH L\u00e9onard de Vinci, Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord (USPN), 93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-019-00379-y","article-title":"Long-Term Carriage of Medicopsis romeroi, an Agent of Black-Grain Mycetoma, Presenting as Phaeohyphomycosis in a Renal Transplant Patient","volume":"184","author":"Lieberman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofw106","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw106","article-title":"Ten-Year Experience of Cutaneous and\/or Subcutaneous Infections Due to Coelomycetes in France","volume":"3","author":"Sitbon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2019.02.001","article-title":"Diversity of Coelomycetous fungi in human infections: A 10-y experience of two European reference centres","volume":"123","author":"Guarro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"108","article-title":"Fungal mycetoma with black grains due to Pyrenochaeta romeroi in Cambodia","volume":"61","author":"Brumpt","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Fil."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"311","article-title":"Recent contribution to the study of mycetoma in Senegal. Neotestudina rosatii. Pyrenochaeta romeroi. Aspergillus nidulans","volume":"13","author":"Baylet","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Med. Afr. Noire Lang Fr."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"452","article-title":"Autochthonous myecetoma of the foot due to Pyrenochaeta romeroi","volume":"75","author":"Texier","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Fr. Dermatol. Syphiligr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1159\/000250685","article-title":"Opportunistic fungi as producers of gray colonies and mycetomata","volume":"159","author":"Borelli","year":"1979","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"47","article-title":"Pyrenochaeta romeroi causing mycetoma pedis in India","volume":"73","author":"Thammayya","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Indian Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-199608000-00026","article-title":"Report of One Case","volume":"18","author":"Zaniboni","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"76","article-title":"Eumycetoma caused by Pyrenochaeta romeroi\u2014A case report","volume":"45","author":"Mohanty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"355","article-title":"Mycetoma in Somalia\u2014Results of a survey done from 1959 to 1964","volume":"34","author":"Destombes","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.1993.tb00844.x","article-title":"Treatment of eumycetoma with ketoconazole","volume":"34","author":"Venugopal","year":"1993","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.08.004","article-title":"Isolation, identification and susceptibility of Pyrenochaeta romeroi in a case of eumycetoma of the foot in the UK","volume":"34","author":"Cerar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e294","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819001766","article-title":"Epidemiological profile and spectrum of neglected tropical disease eumycetoma from Delhi, North India","volume":"147","author":"Dubey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement","volume":"151","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03094.x","article-title":"Exogenous Interferon-\u03b3 Immunotherapy for Invasive Fungal Infections in Kidney Transplant Patients","volume":"10","author":"Teo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.12.064","article-title":"Deep cutaneous fungal infections in solid-organ transplant recipients","volume":"83","author":"Galezowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.12.037","article-title":"Nodular plaque in a cardiac transplant patient","volume":"72","author":"Waldman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13072","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13072","article-title":"Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Medicopsis romeroi in solid organ transplant recipients: Report of two cases and comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Royuela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-5-460","article-title":"A nodulo-cystic eumycetoma caused by Pyrenochaeta romeroi in a renal transplant recipient: A case report","volume":"5","author":"Thiyagarajan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A66","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(09)71958-5","article-title":"P160 Infection du pied \u00e0 eumyc\u00e9tome chez un patient diab\u00e9tique greff\u00e9 du poumon: \u00c0 propos d\u2019une observation","volume":"35","author":"Sum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000000041","article-title":"Chronic endophthalmitis due to Pyrenocheta romeroi in an immunocompetent host\u2014A case report from southern india","volume":"8","author":"Babu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retin. Cases Brief Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1138","DOI":"10.1097\/IPC.0000000000001138","article-title":"Posttraumatic Endophthalmitis Caused by Medicopsis romeroi: Case Report and Analysis of a Comprehensive Case Series","volume":"30","author":"Garofalo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-017-0422-6","article-title":"Allogeneic Reduced-Intensity Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Chronic Granulomatous Disease: A Single-Center Prospective Trial","volume":"37","author":"Parta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E173","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12018","article-title":"Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Pyrenochaeta romeroi mimicking a plantar wart in a kidney transplant recipient","volume":"14","author":"Ocampo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-016-0022-7","article-title":"Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by Pyrenochaeta romeroi in a Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient: A Case Report with Review of the Literature","volume":"181","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"226","article-title":"Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis Caused By Pyrenochaeta romeroi in a Kidney Transplant Recipient: A Case Report","volume":"15","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12357","article-title":"Resolution of diffuse skin and systemic Kaposi's sarcoma in a renal transplant recipient after introduction of everolimus: A case report","volume":"17","author":"Detroyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.3109\/13693780903440383","article-title":"Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycotic cyst caused by Pyrenochaeta romeroi","volume":"48","author":"Badali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Mycol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"e70","article-title":"Medicopsis romeroi infection presenting as disseminated nodules and sinuses in a patient with chronic rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"35","author":"Bains","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550310006824","article-title":"Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis due to Pyrenochaeta romeroi in a Patient with Leprosy","volume":"84","author":"Girard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.029520-0","article-title":"Pyrenochaeta romeroi: A causative agent of phaeohyphomycotic cyst","volume":"60","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05173.x","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis and therapeutic experience of subcutaneous Pyrenochaeta romeroi infection: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"52","author":"Hsiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2014063","article-title":"Subcutaneous abscess due to Pyrenochaeta romeroi in a renal transplant recipient","volume":"55","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Singap. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2015.04.001","article-title":"Pyrenochaeta romeroi causing subcutaneous phaeohyphomycotic cyst in a diabetic female","volume":"8","author":"Yadav","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-016-0017-4","article-title":"Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis Cyst Associated with Medicopsis romeroi in an Immunocompromised Host","volume":"181","author":"Abdolrasouli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01405","article-title":"Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis Due to Pyrenochaeta romeroi Mimicking a Synovial Cyst","volume":"7","author":"Dinh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Subcutaneous Cyst due to Medicopsis romeroi in a Diabetic Lepromatous Leprosy Patient: An Interesting Case Report and Review from India","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2019.07.006","article-title":"Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis from Medicopsis romeroi in a diabetic patient","volume":"26","author":"Chanyachailert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.24383","article-title":"Fine needle aspiration of nodular cystic swelling showing a rare melanized fungus Medicopsis romeroi: A case report","volume":"48","author":"Prasad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn. Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.028","article-title":"Medicopsis romeroi nodular subcutaneous infection in a kidney transplant recipient","volume":"95","author":"Jeddi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15698","article-title":"Deep cutaneous fungal infection by Pleosporales: An exceptional pathogen in tropical Taiwan","volume":"48","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"142","article-title":"Phaeohyphomycotic cyst due to Medicopsis romeroi in an immunosuppressed patient","volume":"177","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nodular Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis due to Medicopsis romeroi in an Immunocompetent Patient","volume":"15","author":"Deshkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4103\/jacm.jacm_66_21","article-title":"Phaeohyphomycosis and role of internal transcribed spacer","volume":"23","author":"Gopal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Acad. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3767\/003158514X684744","article-title":"Revision of agents of black-grain eumycetoma in the order Pleosporales","volume":"33","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Persoonia-Mol. Phylogeny Evol. Fungi"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-824902","article-title":"Dematiaceous Fungi","volume":"25","author":"Revankar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, S.A., Ende, B.H.G.G.V.D., Fahal, A.H., van de Sande, W.W.J., and de Hoog, G.S. (2014). Rapid Identification of Black Grain Eumycetoma Causative Agents Using Rolling Circle Amplification. PLoS Neglected. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003368"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/1\/3\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:44:38Z","timestamp":1760147078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/1\/3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11010003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11010003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]}}}