{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:55:57Z","timestamp":1771037757059,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretariat of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Ministry of Health, Brazil)","award":["2014\/50315-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/50315-0"]}]},{"name":"Tropical Medicine Nucleus (Federal University Par\u00e1, Brazil)","award":["2014\/50315-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/50315-0"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\/50315-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/50315-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is an anthropozoonotic disease affecting human populations on five continents. Aetiologic agents belong to the Leishmania (L.) donovani complex. Until the 1990s, three leishmanine parasites comprised this complex: L. (L.) donovani Laveran &amp; Mesnil 1903, L. (L.) infantum Nicolle 1908, and L. (L.) chagasi Lainson &amp; Shaw 1987 (=L. chagasi Cunha &amp; Chagas 1937). The VL causal agent in the New World (NW) was previously identified as L. (L.) chagasi. After the development of molecular characterization, however, comparisons between L. (L.) chagasi and L. (L.) infantum showed high similarity, and L. (L.) chagasi was then regarded as synonymous with L. (L.) infantum. It was, therefore, suggested that L. (L.) chagasi was not native to the NW but had been introduced from the Old World by Iberian colonizers. However, in light of ecological evidence from the NW parasite\u2019s enzootic cycle involving a wild phlebotomine vector (Lutzomyia longipalpis) and a wild mammal reservoir (the fox, Cerdocyon thous), we have recently analyzed by molecular clock comparisons of the DNA polymerase alpha subunit gene the whole-genome sequence of L. (L.) infantum\u00a0chagasi of the most prevalent clinical form, atypical dermal leishmaniasis (ADL), from Honduras (Central America) with that of the same parasite from Brazil (South America), as well as those of L. (L.) donovani (India) and L. (L.) infantum (Europe), which revealed that the Honduran parasite is older ancestry (382,800 ya) than the parasite from Brazil (143,300 ya), L. (L.) donovani (33,776 ya), or L. (L.) infantum (13,000 ya). In the present work, we have now amplified the genomic comparisons among these leishmanine parasites, exploring mainly the variations in the genome for each chromosome, and the number of genomic SNPs for each chromosome. Although the results of this new analysis have confirmed a high genomic similarity (~99%) among these parasites [except L. (L.) donovani], the Honduran parasite revealed a single structural variation on chromosome 17, and the highest frequency of genomic SNPs (more than twice the number seen in the Brazilian one), which together to its extraordinary ancestry (382,800 ya) represent strong evidence that L. (L.) chagasi\/L. (L.) infantum chagasi is, in fact, native to the NW, and therefore with valid taxonomic status. Furthermore, the Honduran parasite, the most ancestral viscerotropic leishmanine parasite, showed genomic and clinical taxonomic characteristics compatible with a new Leishmania species causing ADL in Central America.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11010025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T02:06:14Z","timestamp":1671674774000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparative Genomic Analyses of New and Old World Viscerotropic Leishmanine Parasites: Further Insights into the Origins of Visceral Leishmaniasis Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0412-6060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Tobias","family":"Silveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1 State, Brazil"},{"name":"Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66055-240, Par\u00e1 State, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edivaldo Costa","family":"Sousa Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1 State, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Vellasco Duarte","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1 State, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0229-4861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago","family":"Vasconcelos dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1 State, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1387-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilfredo","family":"Sosa-Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology School, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Concepci\u00f3n Z\u00faniga","family":"Valeriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Surveillance Department, School Hospital, Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia Karla Santos","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1 State, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samir Mansour Moraes","family":"Casseb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbovirology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1 State, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3240-2835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana Vieira do R\u00eago","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1 State, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marliane Batista","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, Par\u00e1 State, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3509-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vania Lucia","family":"da Matta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Pathology Department, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, S\u00e3o Paulo 1246-903, S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9909-9466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Maria","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Pathology Department, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, S\u00e3o Paulo 1246-903, S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela V. Araujo","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Pathology Department, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, S\u00e3o Paulo 1246-903, S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen M.","family":"Sandoval Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Pathology Department, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, S\u00e3o Paulo 1246-903, S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Corbett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Pathology Department, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, S\u00e3o Paulo 1246-903, S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1080-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcia Dalastra","family":"Laurenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Pathology Department, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, S\u00e3o Paulo 1246-903, S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2022, January 12). 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