{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T06:09:48Z","timestamp":1770271788396,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Research Council (DFG)","award":["ZI665\/3-1 (WZ)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZI665\/3-1 (WZ)"]}]},{"name":"German Research Council (DFG)","award":["01KI2009E (WZ)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2009E (WZ)"]}]},{"name":"German Research Council (DFG)","award":["01KI2009B (MB)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2009B (MB)"]}]},{"name":"German Research Council (DFG)","award":["01KI2009D (BW)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2009D (BW)"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)","award":["ZI665\/3-1 (WZ)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZI665\/3-1 (WZ)"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)","award":["01KI2009E (WZ)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2009E (WZ)"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)","award":["01KI2009B (MB)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2009B (MB)"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)","award":["01KI2009D (BW)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2009D (BW)"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Wuerzburg","award":["ZI665\/3-1 (WZ)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZI665\/3-1 (WZ)"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Wuerzburg","award":["01KI2009E (WZ)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2009E (WZ)"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Wuerzburg","award":["01KI2009B (MB)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2009B (MB)"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Wuerzburg","award":["01KI2009D (BW)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2009D (BW)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are ubiquitous bacteria in livestock-associated environments where they may act as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes for pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. Here, we tested whether housing conditions in pig farms could influence the overall AMR-NAS burden. Two hundred and forty porcine commensal and environmental NAS isolates from three different farm types (conventional, alternative, and organic) were tested for phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility and subjected to whole genome sequencing. Genomic data were analysed regarding species identity and AMR gene carriage. Seventeen different NAS species were identified across all farm types. In contrast to conventional farms, no AMR genes were detectable towards methicillin, aminoglycosides, and phenicols in organic farms. Additionally, AMR genes to macrolides and tetracycline were rare among NAS in organic farms, while such genes were common in conventional husbandries. No differences in AMR detection existed between farm types regarding fosfomycin, lincosamides, fusidic acid, and heavy metal resistance gene presence. The combined data show that husbandry conditions influence the occurrence of resistant and multidrug-resistant bacteria in livestock, suggesting that changing husbandry practices may be an appropriate means of limiting the spread of AMR bacteria on farms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11010031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T02:31:11Z","timestamp":1671676271000},"page":"31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Farming Practice Influences Antimicrobial Resistance Burden of Non-Aureus Staphylococci in Pig Husbandries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Manonmani","family":"Soundararajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Marincola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Liong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4014-1951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tessa","family":"Marciniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2413-7226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freya D. R.","family":"Wencker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franka","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture; South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, 59494 Soest, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Schollenbruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture; South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, 59494 Soest, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5126-9363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Kobusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture; South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, 59494 Soest, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Linnemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture; South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, 59494 Soest, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silver A.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Sequencing and Genomic Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Helal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Sequencing and Genomic Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2225-7267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torsten","family":"Semmler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Sequencing and Genomic Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3112-5722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgit","family":"Walther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS4), Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Schoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4412-4756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Nyasinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Aga-Khan-University Hospital Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, The Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunturu","family":"Revathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Aga-Khan-University Hospital Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7961-9425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Boelhauve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture; South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, 59494 Soest, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilma","family":"Ziebuhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, J. 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