{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T17:03:25Z","timestamp":1778778205799,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>VT-1161 is a novel tetrazole antifungal agent with high specificity for fungal CYP51 (compared to human CYP enzymes) which has been proven to have fewer adverse effects and drug\u2013drug interaction profiles due to fewer off-target inhibitors. In this study, we evaluated the anti-biofilm potential of VT-1161 against mono- and dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. VT-1161 inhibited planktonic growth of all three strains, with an MIC value of 2 \u00b5g mL\u22121 for C. albicans and 0.5 \u00b5g mL\u22121 for K. pneumoniae and S. aureus, and killed 99.9% of the microbial populations, indicating a cytocidal action. Additionally, VT-1161 showed an excellent anti-biofilm action, since it inhibited mono-microbial biofilms by 80% at 0.5 \u00b5g mL\u22121, and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans\/K. pneumoniae and C. albicans\/S. aureus by 90% at the same concentration. Additionally, the eradication of mature biofilms after 24 h of VT-1161 exposure was excellent, reaching 90% at 2 \u03bcg mL\u22121 for both mono- and dual-species biofilms. In such mixed biofilms, the use of VT-1161 was revealed to be an alternative treatment because it was able to reduce the number of cells of each species during both inhibition and eradication. Since long-term therapy is necessary for most fungal biofilm infections due to their recurrence and obstinacy, VT-1161 showed low cytotoxicity against normal human cell lines and also against the invertebrate model Caenorhabditis elegans. Considering the excellent anti-biofilm potential and its GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status, VT-1161 may find use in the prevention or therapeutic treatment of mono- or poly-microbial biofilms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T01:57:57Z","timestamp":1674007077000},"page":"237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["VT-1161\u2014A Tetrazole for Management of Mono- and Dual-Species Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4981-8837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Maione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1156-8107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"Mileo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Pugliese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9041-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonietta","family":"Siciliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Cirillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0359-3297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Carraturo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5874-3961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"de Alteriis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"De Falco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6805-0408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Guida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8116-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Galdiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1cs, R., and Majoros, L. 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