{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:47:43Z","timestamp":1760147263583,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004700","name":"Taipei Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A-109-115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A-109-115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rotavirus infections result in severe gastroenteritis with a detrimental inflammatory response in the intestine. Because probiotics have an anti-inflammatory effect and can modulate the gut microbiota profile, they can be used as a biotherapy for inflammatory intestinal diseases. In this study, we isolated Streptococcus thermophilus strain 7 (ST7) from cow milk and examined the effect of heat-inactivated ST7 on the intestinal histopathological score, inflammatory cytokine levels, T-cell activation and effector function, and microbiome profile in a mouse model with intestinal injury induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a Toll-like receptor 3 agonist. The results indicated that ST7 treatment prevented weight loss and intestinal injury and prevented the upregulation of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, and IL-15 levels in intestinal epithelial cells; prevented the upregulation of inflammation-associated Gammaproteobacteria and Alistipes; and increased the levels of Firmicutes in fecal microbiota after poly I:C stimulation. ST7 treatment also increased the serum interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) level and promoted the expression of IFN-\u03b3 in both CD8 and CD4 T cells. In summary, ST7 prevented the inflammatory response, promoted the T-cell effector function, and modulated the microbiota profile of mice with poly I:C-induced small intestine injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T03:21:54Z","timestamp":1674616914000},"page":"278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Modulatory Effects of Heat-Inactivated Streptococcus Thermophilus Strain 7 on the Inflammatory Response: A Study on an Animal Model with TLR3-Induced Intestinal Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Gilbert Aaron","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Child Development Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Wei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan-Li","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7589-8527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Chen S. H.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Jen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syngen Biotech International, Shah Alam 40460, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2747-2900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fu-Huan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun-Ru","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17083","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.83","article-title":"Rotavirus infection","volume":"3","author":"Crawford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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