{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T22:46:40Z","timestamp":1786661200046,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cMinistero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca\u2014Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale (PRIN) 2015\u201d","award":["2015YZB22C-F52F16000810001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015YZB22C-F52F16000810001"]}]},{"name":"\u201cMinistero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca\u2014Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale (PRIN) 2015\u201d","award":["2015YZB22C-D92F16000490005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015YZB22C-D92F16000490005"]}]},{"name":"PI: Maria Cristina Arcangeletti","award":["2015YZB22C-F52F16000810001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015YZB22C-F52F16000810001"]}]},{"name":"PI: Maria Cristina Arcangeletti","award":["2015YZB22C-D92F16000490005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015YZB22C-D92F16000490005"]}]},{"name":"FAR 2021","award":["2015YZB22C-F52F16000810001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015YZB22C-F52F16000810001"]}]},{"name":"FAR 2021","award":["2015YZB22C-D92F16000490005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015YZB22C-D92F16000490005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tissue fibrosis can affect every type of tissue or organ, often leading to organ malfunction; however, the mechanisms involved in this process are not yet clarified. A role has been hypothesized for Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infections as triggers of systemic sclerosis (SSc), a severe autoimmune disease causing progressive tissue fibrosis, since both viruses and antiviral immune responses toward them have been detected in patients. Moreover, HCMV or HHV-6A infection was reported to increase the expression of fibrosis-associated transcriptional factors and miRNAs in human dermal fibroblasts. However, it is unlikely that they have separate effects in the infected host, as both viruses are highly prevalent in the human population. Thus, our study aimed to investigate, by quantitative real-time PCR microarray, the impact of HCMV\/HHV-6A coinfection on the expression of pro-fibrotic miRNAs in coinfected cells, compared to the effect of single viruses. The results showed a possible synergistic effect of the two viruses on pro-fibrotic miRNA expression, thus suggesting that HCMV and HHV-6 may enhance each other and cooperate at inducing enhanced miRNA-driven fibrosis. These data may also suggest a possible use of virus-induced miRNAs as novel diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for SSc and its clinical treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T02:28:17Z","timestamp":1675736897000},"page":"412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Coinfection of Dermal Fibroblasts by Human Cytomegalovirus and Human Herpesvirus 6 Can Boost the Expression of Fibrosis-Associated MicroRNAs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5274-295X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Soffritti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1937-5534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"D\u2019Accolti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Maccari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Bini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Mazziga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4472-8741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Cristina","family":"Arcangeletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6048-9141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Caselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2807","article-title":"Mechanisms of Fibrosis: Therapeutic Translation for Fibrotic Disease","volume":"18","author":"Wynn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. 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