{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T17:01:35Z","timestamp":1784826095358,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"All Children\u2019s Foundation, Johns Hopkins All Children\u2019s Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogenous disease that causes persistent paranasal sinus inflammation in children. Microorganisms are thought to contribute to the etiology and progression of CRS. Culture-independent microbiome analysis offers deeper insights into sinonasal microbial diversity and microbe\u2013disease associations than culture-based methods. To date, CRS-related microbiome studies have mostly focused on the adult population, and only one study has characterized the pediatric CRS microbiome. In this study, we analyzed the bacterial diversity of adenoid tissue, adenoid swab, maxillary sinus, and sinus wash samples from 45 pediatric CRS patients recruited from the Johns Hopkins All Children\u2019s Hospital (JHACH) in St. Petersburg, FL, USA. The alpha diversity in these samples was associated with baseline nasal steroid use, leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) use, and total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E (IgE) level. Streptococcus, Moraxella, and Haemophilus spp. were most frequently identified from sinus cultures and the sequenced 16S rRNA gene content. Comparative analyses combining our samples with the samples from the previous microbiome study revealed differentially abundant genera between patients with pediatric CRS and healthy controls, including Cutibacterium and Moraxella. Additionally, the abundances of Streptobacillus and Staphylococcus were consistently correlated with age in both adenoid- and sinus-derived samples. Our study uncovers new associations of alpha diversity with clinical parameters, as well as associations of specific genera with disease status and age, that can be further investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T03:57:16Z","timestamp":1675828636000},"page":"422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Associations of Microbial Diversity with Age and Other Clinical Variables among Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shen Jean","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warit","family":"Jithpratuck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Wasylik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Ear, Nose & Throat Specialists, Johns Hopkins All Children\u2019s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6937-7303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panida","family":"Sriaroon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"},{"name":"USF Pediatric Allergy\/Immunology Clinic, Food Allergy Clinic, Johns Hopkins All Children\u2019s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry J.","family":"Dishaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopp, R.J. 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