{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T07:17:56Z","timestamp":1777706276475,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo (FAPESP)","award":["2018\/15559-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/15559-7"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo (FAPESP)","award":["2019\/20150-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/20150-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella Typhimurium is the most frequent serovar in pigs and causes infections in humans. However, the dosage used for experimentation is not well defined. The present study aimed to evaluate a dosage for oral inoculation with Salmonella Typhimurium to assess immunological and growth performance alterations in pigs. Gilts were randomly allocated into one of three experimental treatments: no Salmonella Typhimurium inoculation (Basal), or oral inoculation of 1 \u00d7 108 or 1.5 \u00d7 108 colony-forming units of Salmonella Typhimurium. Growth rate, rectal temperature, and fecal Salmonella shedding were recorded. Blood samples were taken. Inoculated pigs shed the bacteria for up to 7 days, but no differences were observed between the groups. No differences were observed in rectal temperature, body weight, or average daily feed intake. However, reductions in average daily gain (\u221217 and \u221222%) and feed efficiency (\u221214 and \u221220%) were observed in pigs inoculated with 1 \u00d7 108 and 1.5 \u00d7 108 colony-forming units, respectively. The hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations increased in challenged pigs compared to Basal pigs. The oral dosage of 1.5 \u00d7 108 colony-forming units of Salmonella Typhimurium is suitable for activating the immune system of pigs and assessing the impact of Salmonella on pig performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T03:52:49Z","timestamp":1676001169000},"page":"446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Simple Assay to Assess Salmonella Typhimurium Impact on Performance and Immune Status of Growing Pigs after Different Inoculation Doses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8933-5100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graziela","family":"Alves da Cunha Valini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d, Jaboticabal 14884-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro Righetti","family":"Arnaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d, Jaboticabal 14884-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0498-3641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d, Jaboticabal 14884-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4659-0961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Henrique Amadeu","family":"de Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d, Jaboticabal 14884-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio Diego Brand\u00e3o","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d, Jaboticabal 14884-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4211-8918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo Alves","family":"Mar\u00e7al","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d, Jaboticabal 14884-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5031-0790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Henrique Reis Furtado","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa, Vi\u00e7osa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Hauschild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d, Jaboticabal 14884-900, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1590\/s1806-92902017000600009","article-title":"Physiological responses of growing pigs to high ambient temperature and\/or inflammatory challenges","volume":"46","author":"Campos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. 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