{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T18:06:57Z","timestamp":1788545217773,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82171833"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82171833"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81871648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infection with the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and shingles, which lead to significant morbidity and mortality globally. The detection of serum VZV-specific antibodies is important for the clinical diagnosis and sero-epidemiological research of VZV infection, and for assessing the effect of VZV vaccine immunization. Over recent decades, a variety of methods for VZV antibody detection have been developed. This review summarizes and compares the current methods for detecting VZV antibodies, and discussed future directions for this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T04:58:23Z","timestamp":1676869103000},"page":"519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Current Methods for the Detection of Antibodies of Varicella-Zoster Virus: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Dequan","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4910-7370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1638-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15016","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.16","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus infection","volume":"1","author":"Gershon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Arvin, A.M., and Gilden, D. (2013). Fields Virology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). Varicella and herpes zoster vaccines: WHO position paper, June 2014. Relev. Epidemiol. Hebd., 89, 265\u2013287."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69561-5","article-title":"Varicella","volume":"368","author":"Heininger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1302674","article-title":"Clinical practice: Herpes zoster","volume":"369","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of herpes zoster: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"57","author":"Harpaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.4065\/84.3.274","article-title":"Herpes zoster (shingles) and postherpetic neuralgia","volume":"84","author":"Sampathkumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-019-0164-9","article-title":"Immunosenescence and human vaccine immune responses","volume":"16","author":"Crooke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9091013","article-title":"Varicella Zoster Virus Reactivation Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review of Case Reports","volume":"9","author":"Kechagias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Psichogiou, M., Samarkos, M., Mikos, N., and Hatzakis, A. (2021). Reactivation of varicella zoster virus after vaccination for SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060572"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S387","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa573","article-title":"Live Attenuated Varicella Vaccine: Prevention of Varicella and of Zoster","volume":"224","author":"Gershon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S429","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab387","article-title":"Herpes Zoster Vaccines","volume":"224","author":"Harbecke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, P.G.E., and Gershon, A.A. (2018). Clinical Features of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10110609"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.10802","article-title":"Monkeypox in 2022-What Clinicians Need to Know","volume":"328","author":"Guarner","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit703","article-title":"Human monkeypox","volume":"58","author":"McCollum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.503","article-title":"Monkeypox or varicella? Lessons from a rash outbreak investigation in the Republic of the Congo","volume":"80","author":"MacNeil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bienes, K.M., Mao, L., Selekon, B., Gonofio, E., Nakoune, E., Wong, G., and Berthet, N. (2022). Rapid Detection of the Varicella-Zoster Virus Using a Recombinase-Aided Amplification-Lateral Flow System. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12122957"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/130.6.669","article-title":"Serologic response to varicella-zoster membrane antigens measured by indirect immunofluorescence","volume":"130","author":"Williams","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S147","DOI":"10.1086\/529448","article-title":"Use and limitations of varicella-zoster virus-specific serological testing to evaluate breakthrough disease in vaccinees and to screen for susceptibility to varicella","volume":"197","author":"Breuer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gershon, A.A., and Gershon, M.D. (2010). Varicella-Zoster Virus, Springer.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555815981.ch21"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.5.832-835.1987","article-title":"Comparison of fluorescent-antibody-to-membrane-antigen test, indirect immunofluorescence assay, and a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of antibody to varicella-zoster virus","volume":"25","author":"Landry","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.52.1.293-297.1984","article-title":"Three major glycoprotein genes of varicella-zoster virus whose products have neutralization epitopes","volume":"52","author":"Keller","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"23","article-title":"A simplified immunofluorescence technique for antibody to varicella-zoster membrane antigen (FAMA)","volume":"27","author":"Baba","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biken J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.16.5.878-884.1982","article-title":"Comparison of the Raji cell line fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of immunity to varicella-zoster virus","volume":"16","author":"Iltis","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.01.017","article-title":"European seroepidemiology network 2: Standardisation of assays for seroepidemiology of varicella zoster virus","volume":"36","author":"Kafatos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816000595","article-title":"The differences in short-and long-term varicella-zoster virus (VZV) immunoglobulin G levels following varicella vaccination of healthcare workers measured by VZV fluorescent-antibody-to-membrane-antigen assay (FAMA), VZV time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay and a VZV purified glycoprotein enzyme immunoassay","volume":"144","author":"Maple","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0928-0197(94)90051-5","article-title":"Detection of antibodies to varicella-zoster virus using a latex agglutination assay","volume":"2","author":"Gershon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2014.55.2.459","article-title":"Evaluation of a commercial glycoprotein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring vaccine immunity to varicella","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/136.4.519","article-title":"Antibody to varicella-zoster virus-induced membrane antigen: Immunofluorescence assay using monodisperse glutaraldehyde-fixed target cells","volume":"136","author":"Zaia","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00276-6","article-title":"Seroprevalence of varicella-zoster virus in the German population","volume":"20","author":"Wutzler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2004.02.012","article-title":"Immunofluorescence test for sensitive detection of varicella-zoster virus-specific IgG: An alternative to fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen test","volume":"119","author":"Sauerbrei","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814002441","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of varicella-zoster virus in Korean adolescents and adults using fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen test","volume":"143","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.11.2059-2062.1987","article-title":"Comparison of five assays for antibody to varicella-zoster virus and the fluorescent-antibody-to-membrane-antigen test","volume":"25","author":"Larussa","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"319","article-title":"Specific immunoglobulin responses after varicella and herpes zoster","volume":"82","author":"Ridehalgh","year":"1979","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(86)90088-7","article-title":"Induction of neutralizing antibody against varicella-zoster virus (VZV) by VZV gp3 and cross-reactivity between VZV gp3 and herpes simplex viruses gB","volume":"149","author":"Kitamura","year":"1986","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1408.08048","article-title":"Measurement of antibodies to varicella-zoster virus using a virus-free fluorescent-antibody-to-membrane-antigen (FAMA) test","volume":"25","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(90)90402-D","article-title":"Cell surface expression of the varicella-zoster virus glycoproteins and Fc receptor","volume":"178","author":"Litwin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05130-11","article-title":"Comparative study of the standard fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen (FAMA) assay and a flow cytometry-adapted FAMA assay to assess immunity to varicella-zoster virus","volume":"18","author":"Lafer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.12.067","article-title":"Women who received varicella vaccine versus natural infection have different long-term T cell immunity but similar antibody levels","volume":"38","author":"Tourtelot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-017-0182-x","article-title":"Negative IgG varicella zoster virus antibody status: Immune responses pre and post re-immunization","volume":"7","author":"Saadia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1932217","article-title":"Clinically-versus serologically-identified varicella: A hidden infection burden. A ten-year follow-up from a randomized study in varicella-endemic countries","volume":"17","author":"Gillard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"34","article-title":"Detection of VZV IgG by indirect ELISA","volume":"8","author":"Chenghua","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chin. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"221","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of Varicella-Zoster virus infection in pregnancy and standardization of the ELISA IgG and IgM antibody tests","volume":"52","author":"Enders","year":"1982","journal-title":"Dev. Biol. Stand."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"165","article-title":"A simple and cheaper in house varicella zoster virus antibody indirect ELISA","volume":"46","author":"Ono","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Do Inst. De Med. Trop. De S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00183-12","article-title":"Evaluation of three commercial varicella-zoster virus IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in comparison to the fluorescent-antibody-to-membrane-antigen test","volume":"19","author":"Sauerbrei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00719-06","article-title":"Serological detection of varicella-zoster virus-specific immunoglobulin G by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using glycoprotein antigen","volume":"44","author":"Sauerbrei","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Serological detection of specific IgG to varicella-zoster virus by novel ELISA based on viral glycoprotein antigen","volume":"55","author":"Sauerbrei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.01.026","article-title":"Seroprevalence of varicella-zoster virus IgG antibodies in Swiss children during the first 16 months of age","volume":"24","author":"Heininger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1039\/c003798b","article-title":"Systematic analysis of the IgG antibody immune response against varicella zoster virus (VZV) using a self-assembled protein microarray","volume":"6","author":"Ceroni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1086\/655840","article-title":"Effect of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) fluorescent-antibody-to-membrane-antigen (FAMA) testing on sensitivity of determining VZV immunity in healthcare workers and on furlough days","volume":"31","author":"Rolando","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890320310","article-title":"Sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody to varicella-zoster virus using purified VZV glycoprotein antigen","volume":"32","author":"Wasmuth","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200204000-00014","article-title":"Inverse relationship between six week postvaccination varicella antibody response to vaccine and likelihood of long term breakthrough infection","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2014.1004031","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of single dose live attenuated varicella vaccine (VR 795 Oka strain) in healthy Indian children: A randomized controlled study","volume":"11","author":"Mitra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2015.12.018","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus antibody detection: A comparison of four commonly used techniques","volume":"22","author":"Otani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26388","article-title":"Humoral and cellular immune responses to recombinant herpes zoster vaccine in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis","volume":"97","author":"Muchtar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20577","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20577","article-title":"Serological evaluation of immunity to the varicella-zoster virus based on a novel competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7821-0","article-title":"Evaluation of immunity to varicella zoster virus with a novel double antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"100","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"343","article-title":"Neutralization tests with varicella-zoster virus","volume":"67","author":"Caunt","year":"1969","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/139.4.432","article-title":"Complement-enhanced neutralizing antibody response to varicella-zoster virus","volume":"139","author":"Grose","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.60.6.810","article-title":"Clinical and serologic testing of a live varicella vaccine and two-year follow-up for immunity of the vaccinated children","volume":"60","author":"Asano","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/146.4.524","article-title":"Potentiation of neutralization of varicella-zoster virus by antibody to immunoglobulin","volume":"146","author":"Asano","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(95)00013-K","article-title":"Combined use of complement and anti-immunoglobulin in an enhanced neutralization assay for antibodies to varicella-zoster virus","volume":"53","author":"Krah","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"8","article-title":"Protective efficacy of vaccination in children in four episodes of natural varicella and zoster in the ward","volume":"59","author":"Asano","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.12.3.606-613.1975","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody responses to varicella-zoster virus","volume":"12","author":"Schmidt","year":"1975","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"15","article-title":"Studies on neutralization of varicella-zoster virus and serological follow-up of cases of varicella and zoster","volume":"21","author":"Asano","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biken J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.4.5.437-442.1976","article-title":"Varicella-zoster plaque assay and plaque reduction neutralization test by the immunoperoxidase technique","volume":"4","author":"Gerna","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"468","article-title":"Focus assay for varicella-zoster virus in human embryo cells stained with immunoperoxidase method","volume":"30","author":"Schmidtmayerova","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2014.01.014","article-title":"Development of a varicella-zoster virus neutralization assay using a glycoprotein K antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay","volume":"200","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1981.tb00031.x","article-title":"Anticomplement Immunofluorescence for the Titration of Antibody to Varicella-Zoster Virus","volume":"25","author":"Shigeta","year":"1981","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(99)00042-6","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of herpes zoster","volume":"14","author":"Sauerbrei","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70311-1","article-title":"Assays for antibodies to varicella-zoster virus","volume":"10","author":"Krah","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.13.2.214-218.2006","article-title":"Performance of a time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for measuring varicella-zoster virus immunoglobulin G levels in adults and comparison with commercial enzyme immunoassays and Merck glycoprotein enzyme immunoassay","volume":"13","author":"Maple","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2011","article-title":"Antivirals for management of herpes zoster including ophthalmicus: A systematic review of high-quality randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"McDonald","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2008.09.032","article-title":"Comparison of fifteen commercial assays for detecting Varicella Zoster virus IgG with reference to a time resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA) and the performance of two commercial assays for screening sera from immunocompromised individuals","volume":"155","author":"Gunn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-151-39302","article-title":"Detection of antibody to varicella-zoster virus by immune adherence hemagglutination","volume":"151","author":"Gershon","year":"1976","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.7.1527-1529.1991","article-title":"Measurement of antibodies to varicella-zoster virus by using a latex agglutination test","volume":"29","author":"Steinberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.08.088","article-title":"A seroprevalence survey on varicella among adults in the vaccination era in Apulia (Italy)","volume":"32","author":"Tafuri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kombe Kombe, A.J., Xie, J., Zahid, A., Ma, H., Xu, G., Deng, Y., Nsole Biteghe, F.A., Mohammed, A., Dan, Z., and Yang, Y. (2022). Detection of Circulating VZV-Glycoprotein E-Specific Antibodies by Chemiluminescent Immunoassay (CLIA) for Varicella\u2013Zoster Diagnosis. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010066"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.08.012","article-title":"Comparison of the performance of the LIAISON VZV-IgG and VIDAS automated enzyme linked fluorescent immunoassays with reference to a VZV-IgG time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay and implications of choice of cut-off for LIAISON assay","volume":"44","author":"Maple","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1211-4","article-title":"Follow-up of pregnant women exposed to chicken pox: An audit of relationship between level of antibody and development of chicken pox","volume":"30","author":"Boxall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2023.113429","article-title":"Rapid, sensitive, and specific lateral-flow immunochromatographic point-of-care device for detection of varicella-zoster virus immunoglobulin G antibodies in fingerstick blood","volume":"514","author":"Vafai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab194","article-title":"Lateral flow assays in infectious disease diagnosis","volume":"68","author":"Boehringer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00218-07","article-title":"Rapid, sensitive, and specific lateral-flow immunochromatographic point-of-care device for detection of herpes simplex virus type 2-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in serum and whole blood","volume":"15","author":"Laderman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-1157(88)90003-0","article-title":"IgG subclass distribution among antibodies to varicella-zoster virus in human varicella\/zoster immunoglobulin preparations and the corresponding donor plasma","volume":"16","author":"Michaelsen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biol. Stand."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Nisonoff, A., Hopper, J., and Spring, S.B. (1975). The Antibody Molecule, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(03)00005-2","article-title":"Herpes zoster guideline of the German Dermatology Society (DDG)","volume":"26","author":"Gross","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/2\/519\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:35:46Z","timestamp":1760121346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/2\/519"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11020519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11020519","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]}}}