{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:07:23Z","timestamp":1790996843249,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"FWF Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T707-B13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T707-B13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abdominal sepsis triggers the transition of microorganisms from the gut to the peritoneum and bloodstream. Unfortunately, there is a limitation of methods and biomarkers to reliably study the emergence of pathobiomes and to monitor their respective dynamics. Three-month-old CD-1 female mice underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce abdominal sepsis. Serial and terminal endpoint specimens were collected for fecal, peritoneal lavage, and blood samples within 72 h. Microbial species compositions were determined by NGS of (cell-free) DNA and confirmed by microbiological cultivation. As a result, CLP induced rapid and early changes of gut microbial communities, with a transition of pathogenic species into the peritoneum and blood detected at 24 h post-CLP. NGS was able to identify pathogenic species in a time course-dependent manner in individual mice using cfDNA from as few as 30 microliters of blood. Absolute levels of cfDNA from pathogens changed rapidly during acute sepsis, demonstrating its short half-life. Pathogenic species and genera in CLP mice significantly overlapped with pathobiomes from septic patients. The study demonstrated that pathobiomes serve as reservoirs following CLP for the transition of pathogens into the bloodstream. Due to its short half-life, cfDNA can serve as a precise biomarker for pathogen identification in blood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T03:03:48Z","timestamp":1677639828000},"page":"627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["From Gut to Blood: Spatial and Temporal Pathobiome Dynamics during Acute Abdominal Murine Sepsis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9379-1435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Hartwig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Field In-Vitro Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, 70049 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Drechsler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology the Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7944-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yevhen","family":"Vainshtein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Field In-Vitro Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Maneth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Field In-Vitro Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Field In-Vitro Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7384-0594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Ehling-Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1321-9883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Osuchowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology the Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Sohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Field In-Vitro Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002949","article-title":"Delay within the 3-Hour Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guideline on Mortality for Patients with Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock","volume":"46","author":"Pruinelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. 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