{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:02:58Z","timestamp":1791576178067,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The oral microbiota can be influenced by multiple factors, but only a few studies have focused on the role of glycemic control in determining early alterations of oral microbiota and their association with pathogenesis of both periodontitis and caries. The aim of this study is to evaluate the interplay between bacteria composition, oral hygiene, and glycemic control in a cohort of children with T1D. A total of 89 T1D children were enrolled (62% males, mean age: 12.6 \u00b1 2.2 years). Physical and clinical characteristics, glucometabolic parameters, insulin treatment, and oral hygiene habits data were collected. Microbiological analysis was performed from saliva samples. A high prevalence of cariogenic and periodontopathogens bacteria in our cohort was detected. In particular, in all subjects Actinomyces spp., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, and Lactobacillus spp. were isolated. S. mutans was found in about half of the analyzed sample (49.4%), in particular in patients with imbalance values of glycemic control. Moreover, a higher presence of both S. mutans and Veillonella spp. was detected in subjects with poorer glycemic control, in terms of HbA1c, %TIR and %TAR, even adjusting for age, sex, and hygiene habits as covariates. Virtuous oral hygiene habits, such as frequency of toothbrush changes and professional oral hygiene, negatively correlated with the simultaneous presence of Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, red complex bacteria. Our study shows it is crucial to pay attention to glycemic control and regular oral hygiene to prevent the establishment of an oral microbiota predisposing to dental and periodontal pathology in subjects with T1D since childhood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T06:54:02Z","timestamp":1678085642000},"page":"668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Oral Microbiota in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis of Dental and Periodontal Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5518-6226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Carelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"School of Health Statistics and Biometrics, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8921-2012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Maguolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4059-4160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Zusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Olivieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Emiliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gelinda","family":"De Grandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Unali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Zerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Signoretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3563-4404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Maffeis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60591-7","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Atkinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67698-2","article-title":"The global burden of diabetic foot disease","volume":"366","author":"Boulton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50007","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third national health and nutrition examination survey","volume":"41","author":"Coresh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. 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