{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T01:35:18Z","timestamp":1772501718162,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CONACyT","award":["237523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["237523"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acanthamoeba castellanii genotype T4 is a clinically significant free-living amoeba that causes granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and amoebic keratitis in human beings. During the initial stages of infection, trophozoites interact with various host immune responses, such as lactoferrin (Lf), in the corneal epithelium, nasal mucosa, and blood. Lf plays an important role in the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, and evasion of the innate immune response is crucial in the colonization process. In this study, we describe the resistance of A. castellanii to the microbicidal effect of bovine apo-lactoferrin (apo-bLf) at different concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 500 \u00b5M). Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites incubated with apo-bLf at 500 \u00b5M for 12 h maintained 98% viability. Interestingly, despite this lack of effect on viability, our results showed that the apo-bLf inhibited the cytopathic effect of A. castellanii in MDCK cells culture, and analysis of amoebic proteases by zymography showed significant inhibition of cysteine and serine proteases by interaction with the apo-bLf. From these results, we conclude that bovine apo-Lf influences the activity of A. castellanii secretion proteases, which in turn decreases amoebic cytopathic activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T03:02:08Z","timestamp":1678417328000},"page":"708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Acanthamoeba castellanii Genotype T4: Inhibition of Proteases Activity and Cytopathic Effect by Bovine Apo-Lactoferrin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Rico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"},{"name":"Faculty of Professional Studies, Autonomous National University of Mexico, Cuautitlan 54714, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9569-0064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moises","family":"Martinez-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA"},{"name":"Liver, Pancreas and Motility Laboratory, Unit of Research in Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous National University of Mexico, General Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City 06726, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"C\u00e1rdenas-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Coronado-Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Silva-Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mireya","family":"De la Garza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mineko","family":"Shibayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2725-5743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Serrano-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53490-3.00010-8","article-title":"Infections with free-living amebae","volume":"114","author":"Visvesvara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hand. 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