{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T17:43:08Z","timestamp":1791654188528,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]],"date-time":"2023-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council","award":["SAMRC\/UFH\/P790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAMRC\/UFH\/P790"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>L. monocytogenes is a zoonotic foodborne pathogen with inherent adaptability to tolerate environmental and physiological stresses, thereby causing severe disease outbreaks. Antibiotic resistant foodborne pathogens are a challenge to the food industry. A total of 18 samples were pooled from a bio-digester co-digesting swine manure\/pinewood sawdust, and evaluated for the occurrence of bacterium plus total viable counts using the spread plate method. The recovered bacterial isolates were presumptively identified by growth on selective medium and confirmed by biochemical characterisation, leading to the isolation of 43 L. monocytogenes. The isolates were characterized based on their susceptibility to antibiotics via the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique against a panel of 14 antibiotics. Equally, the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was calculated, and MAR phenotypes generated. The bacterial counts were between 102 and104 cfu\/mL. Complete susceptibility (100%) was demonstrated to ampicillin, gentamicin and sulfamethoxazole, which are the drugs of choice in the treatment of listeriosis. In addition, intermediate sensitivity occurred at 25.58% to cefotaxime, and the highest resistance (51.16%) was exhibited against nalidixic acid. The MAR index ranged from 0 to 0.71. Overall, 41.86% of the Listeria isolates displayed multidrug resistance, with 18 different MAR phenotypes, demonstrating CIP, E, C, TET, AUG, S, CTX, NA, AML, NI as the greatest MAR phenotype. It can be concluded that the isolates yielding MAR &gt; 0.2 originated from the farm, where antibiotics had been in routine use. Therefore, strict monitoring of antibiotics use in the farm is crucial to mitigate further increase in antibiotic resistance amongst these bacterial isolates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T06:09:56Z","timestamp":1678687796000},"page":"725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Occurrence and Multidrug Resistance in Strains of Listeria monocytogenes Recovered from the Anaerobic Co-Digestion Sludge Contained in a Single Stage Steel Biodigester: Implications for Antimicrobial Stewardship"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3165-6902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christy Echakachi","family":"Manyi-Loh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Applied Food Sustainability and Biotechnology (CAFSaB), Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony Ifeanyin","family":"Okoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryk","family":"Lues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Applied Food Sustainability and Biotechnology (CAFSaB), Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Den Bakker, H.C., Cummings, C.A., Ferreira, V., Vatta, P., Orsi, R.H., Degoricija, L., Bakker, M., Petrauskene, O., Furtado, M.R., and Wiedmann, M. (2010). Comparative genomics of the bacterial genus Listeria: Genome evolution is characterized by limited gene acquisition and limited gene loss. 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