{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:24:49Z","timestamp":1790717089860,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sex and gender dimorphisms are found in a large variety of diseases, including sepsis and septic shock which are more prevalent in men than in women. Animal models show that the host response to pathogens differs in females and males. This difference is partially explained by sex polarization of the intracellular pathways responding to pathogen\u2013cell receptor interactions. Sex hormones seem to be responsible for this polarization, although other factors, such as chromosomal effects, have yet to be investigated. In brief, females are less susceptible to sepsis and seem to recover more effectively than males. Clinical observations produce more nuanced findings, but men consistently have a higher incidence of sepsis, and some reports also claim higher mortality rates. However, variables other than hormonal differences complicate the interaction between sex and sepsis, including comorbidities as well as social and cultural differences between men and women. Conflicting data have also been reported regarding sepsis-attributable mortality rates among pregnant women, compared with non-pregnant females. We believe that unraveling sex differences in the host response to sepsis and its treatment could be the first step in personalized, phenotype-based management of patients with sepsis and septic shock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T03:29:16Z","timestamp":1678764556000},"page":"746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Interactions between Gender and Sepsis\u2014Implications for the Future"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ines","family":"Lakbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Hospital Nord, 13015 Marseille, France"},{"name":"CEReSS, Health Service Research and Quality of Life Centre, School of Medicine-La Timone Medical, Aix-Marseille University, 13015 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Einav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem 23456, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 23456, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Lalev\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, INRAE, Centre for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease (C2VN), Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5834-4063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Martin-Loeches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Trinity Centre for Health Science HRB-Wellcome Trust, St James\u2019s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6836-3903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Pastene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Hospital Nord, 13015 Marseille, France"},{"name":"INSERM, INRAE, Centre for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease (C2VN), Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3097-758X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Hospital Nord, 13015 Marseille, France"},{"name":"INSERM, INRAE, Centre for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease (C2VN), Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Sex-based differences in autoimmune diseases","volume":"52","author":"Ortona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. 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