{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T09:22:38Z","timestamp":1787908958480,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23NR014674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23NR014674"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NR016928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NR016928"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"American Nurses Foundation Research Grants Award","award":["K23NR014674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23NR014674"]}]},{"name":"American Nurses Foundation Research Grants Award","award":["R01NR016928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NR016928"]}]},{"name":"Affinity Research Collaboratives award through the University of Connecticut Institute for Systems Genomics","award":["K23NR014674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23NR014674"]}]},{"name":"Affinity Research Collaboratives award through the University of Connecticut Institute for Systems Genomics","award":["R01NR016928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NR016928"]}]},{"name":"Eastern Nursing Research Society (ENRS)\/Council for the Advancement of Nursing Science Dissertation Award","award":["K23NR014674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23NR014674"]}]},{"name":"Eastern Nursing Research Society (ENRS)\/Council for the Advancement of Nursing Science Dissertation Award","award":["R01NR016928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NR016928"]}]},{"name":"Sigma Theta Tau International Mu Chapter Research Award","award":["K23NR014674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23NR014674"]}]},{"name":"Sigma Theta Tau International Mu Chapter Research Award","award":["R01NR016928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NR016928"]}]},{"name":"University of Connecticut Dissertation Fellowship","award":["K23NR014674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23NR014674"]}]},{"name":"University of Connecticut Dissertation Fellowship","award":["R01NR016928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NR016928"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of early life experiences and gut microbiota on neurobehavioral development in preterm infants during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization. Methods: Preterm infants were followed from NICU admission until their 28th postnatal day or until discharge. Daily stool samples, painful\/stressful experiences, feeding patterns, and other clinical and demographic data were collected. Gut microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA sequencing, and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were selected to predict the neurobehaviors. The neurobehavioral development was assessed by the Neonatal Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) at 36 to 38 weeks of post-menstrual age (PMA). Fifty-five infants who had NNNS measurements were included in the sparse log-contrast regression analysis. Results: Preterm infants who experienced a high level of pain\/stress during the NICU hospitalization had higher NNNS stress\/abstinence scores. Eight operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified to be associated with NNNS subscales after controlling demographic and clinical features, feeding patterns, and painful\/stressful experiences. These OTUs and taxa belonging to seven genera, i.e., Enterobacteriaceae_unclassified, Escherichia-Shigella, Incertae_Sedis, Veillonella, Enterococcus, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, and Streptococcus with five belonging to Firmicutes and two belonging to Proteobacteria phylum. The enriched abundance of Enterobacteriaceae_unclassified (OTU17) and Streptococcus (OTU28) were consistently associated with less optimal neurobehavioral outcomes. The other six OTUs were also associated with infant neurobehavioral responses depending on days at NICU stay. Conclusions: This study explored the dynamic impact of specific OTUs on neurobehavioral development in preterm infants after controlling for early life experiences, i.e., acute and chronic pain\/stress and feeding in the NICU. The gut microbiota and acute pain\/stressful experiences dynamically impact the neurobehavioral development in preterm infants during their NICU hospitalization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T03:07:57Z","timestamp":1679540877000},"page":"814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Impact of Early Life Experiences and Gut Microbiota on Neurobehavioral Development in Preterm Infants: A Longitudinal Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1568-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"},{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5359-2853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongfei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2856-1048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingting","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"},{"name":"School of Nursing, Yale University, Orange, CT 06477, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3579-5467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanli","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kendra","family":"Maas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Analysis, Resources, and Services (MARS), University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry M.","family":"Lester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei S.","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"},{"name":"School of Nursing, Yale University, Orange, CT 06477, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.23580","article-title":"Mortality, In-Hospital Morbidity, Care Practices, and 2-Year Outcomes for Extremely Preterm Infants in the US, 2013\u20132018","volume":"327","author":"Bell","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000705","article-title":"Outcomes for extremely premature infants","volume":"120","author":"Glass","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.12.1429","article-title":"Association of preterm birth with long-term survival, reproduction, and next-generation preterm birth","volume":"299","author":"Swamy","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02021-y","article-title":"Early-life factors associated with neurobehavioral outcomes in preterm infants during NICU hospitalization","volume":"92","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1571202","article-title":"Short- and Long-Term Outcomes for Extremely Preterm Infants","volume":"33","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2013.07.006","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of moderately preterm, late preterm, and early term infants","volume":"40","author":"Vohr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-03-18-4539","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcome of late-preterm infants: A pragmatic review","volume":"47","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.05.035","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition is associated with temperament traits in infants","volume":"80","author":"Aatsinki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.08.004","article-title":"Aberrant gut-microbiota-immune-brain axis development in premature neonates with brain damage","volume":"29","author":"Seki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997560","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1997560","article-title":"Bacteroidota and Lachnospiraceae integration into the gut microbiome at key time points in early life are linked to infant neurodevelopment","volume":"13","author":"Oliphant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.07.004","article-title":"Alterations in the gut microbiota contribute to cognitive impairment induced by the ketogenic diet and hypoxia","volume":"29","author":"Olson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, C.J., Marrs, E.C.L., Nelson, A., Lanyon, C., Perry, J.D., Embleton, N.D., Cummings, S.P., and Berrington, J. (2013). Development of the preterm gut microbiome in twins at risk of necrotising enterocolitis and sepsis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073465"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04327-1","article-title":"Early-life gut microbiota neurodevelopment in preterm infants: Any role for Bifidobacterium?","volume":"181","author":"Beghetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018119","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.18119","article-title":"Assessment of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Practices and Preterm Newborn Gut Microbiota and 2-Year Neurodevelopmental Outcomes","volume":"3","author":"Ancel","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190905","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.0905","article-title":"Association of the Infant Gut Microbiome with Early Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: An Ancillary Study to the VDAART Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"2","author":"Sordillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.109608","article-title":"SNAP-II and SNAPPE-II: Simplified newborn illness severity mortality risk scores","volume":"138","author":"Richardson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cong, X., Xu, W., Janton, S., Henderson, W.A., Matson, A., McGrath, J.M., Maas, K., and Graf, J. (2016). Gut Microbiome Developmental Patterns in Early Life of Preterm Infants: Impacts of Feeding and Gender. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152751"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671074","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.671074","article-title":"Sex Differences in Gut Microbial Development of Preterm Infant Twins in Early Life: A Longitudinal Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","article-title":"Introducing mothur: Open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities","volume":"75","author":"Schloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty113","article-title":"Updating the 97% identity threshold for 16S ribosomal RNA OTUs","volume":"34","author":"Edgar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D643","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1209","article-title":"The SILVA and \u201cAll-species Living Tree Project (LTP)\u201d taxonomic frameworks","volume":"42","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.S2.641","article-title":"The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale procedures","volume":"113","author":"Lester","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). Package \u2018ggplot2\u2019: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1214\/20-AOAS1357","article-title":"Log-Contrast Regression with Functional Compositional Predictors: Linking Preterm Infant\u2019s Gut Microbiome Trajectories to Neurobehavioral Outcome","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Stat."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2005.00532.x","article-title":"Model selection and estimation in regression with grouped variables","volume":"68","author":"Yuan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Stat. Methodol.)"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2018.25","article-title":"NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale: 1-month normative data and variation from birth to 1 month","volume":"83","author":"Provenzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2222249","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.22249","article-title":"Analysis of Neonatal Neurobehavior and Developmental Outcomes Among Preterm Infants","volume":"5","author":"McGowan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2013.814614","article-title":"Prenatal methamphetamine exposure and neonatal and infant neurobehavioral outcome: Results from the IDEAL study","volume":"35","author":"Kiblawi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Subst. Abus."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002125","article-title":"The effect of early procedural pain in preterm infants on the maturation of electroencephalogram and heart rate variability","volume":"162","author":"Lavanga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-80982-6","article-title":"Antibiotics and the developing intestinal microbiome, metabolome and inflammatory environment in a randomized trial of preterm infants","volume":"11","author":"Russell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00535-10","article-title":"Preterm Infants Have Deficient Monocyte and Lymphocyte Cytokine Responses to Group B Streptococcus","volume":"79","author":"Currie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0897-4_1","article-title":"Microbial endocrinology and the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"817","author":"Lyte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0000000000000191","article-title":"Early Life Experience and Gut Microbiome","volume":"15","author":"Cong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Neonatal Care"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag2029","article-title":"Neonatal acquisition of Clostridia species protects against colonization by bacterial pathogens","volume":"356","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.08.001","article-title":"Microbiome profiles are associated with cognitive functioning in 45-month-old children","volume":"98","author":"Streit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcaa110","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa110","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis in Huntington\u2019s disease: Associations among gut microbiota, cognitive performance and clinical outcomes","volume":"2","author":"Wasser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-0839-0","article-title":"Prenatal food insecurity post Hurricane Maria is associated with decreased Veillonella in the infant gut","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay9097","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay9097","article-title":"Multi-omics analyses of radiation survivors identify radioprotective microbes and metabolites","volume":"370","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2018.08.006","article-title":"Gut microbiota associated with pulmonary tuberculosis dysbiosis caused by anti-tuberculosis drugs","volume":"78","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847628","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1847628","article-title":"Neonatal gut colonization by Bifidobacterium is associated with higher childhood cytokine responses","volume":"12","author":"Rabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02428-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02428-17","article-title":"Clostridial Strain-Specific Characteristics Associated with Necrotizing Enterocolitis","volume":"84","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2020.12.2.322","article-title":"Imbalance of Gut Streptococcus, Clostridium, and Akkermansia Determines the Natural Course of Atopic Dermatitis in Infant","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"000200","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000200","article-title":"Streptococcus gallolyticus subspecies pasteurianus causing early onset neonatal sepsis complicated by solitary liver abscess in a preterm infant","volume":"3","author":"Geetha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Access Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24916","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and Streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection as a cause of severe pneumonia in an infant","volume":"55","author":"Ecclesia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03711.x","article-title":"Assessment of Streptococcus pneumoniae pilus islet-1 prevalence in carried and transmitted isolates from mother\u2013infant pairs on the Thailand\u2013Burma border","volume":"18","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.0378","article-title":"Association Between Breast Milk Bacterial Communities and Establishment and Development of the Infant Gut Microbiome","volume":"171","author":"Pannaraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719096","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.719096","article-title":"Human Milk-Based or Bovine Milk-Based Fortifiers Differentially Impact the Development of the Gut Microbiota of Preterm Infants","volume":"9","author":"Wetzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.07.024","article-title":"Fermented infant formula (with Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus O65) with prebiotic oligosaccharides is safe and modulates the gut microbiota towards a microbiota closer to that of breastfed infants","volume":"40","author":"Tims","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12736","article-title":"The microbiome in bipolar depression: A longitudinal study of one pair of monozygotic twins","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01785-z","article-title":"Sex-specific relationships of the infant microbiome and early-childhood behavioral outcomes","volume":"92","author":"Laue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/NR9.0000000000000004","article-title":"Sex-specific gut microbiome profiles among preterm infants during the neonatal intensive care hospitalization","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-017-0421-5","article-title":"Ethnic and diet-related differences in the healthy infant microbiome","volume":"9","author":"Stearns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"663513","article-title":"Influence of Geographical Location on Maternal-Infant Microbiota: Study in Two Populations From Asia and Europe. Front. Cell","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-01186-9","article-title":"Early Life Stress and the Development of the Infant Gut Microbiota: Implications for Mental Health and Neurocognitive Development","volume":"22","author":"Vogel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3346","article-title":"Mind-altering microorganisms: The impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour","volume":"13","author":"Cryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.04.006","article-title":"The Microbiome in Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"22","author":"Sarkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.04.005","article-title":"Supplementation with a probiotic mixture accelerates gut microbiome maturation and reduces intestinal inflammation in extremely preterm infants","volume":"30","author":"Samara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/3\/814\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:00:50Z","timestamp":1760122850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/3\/814"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11030814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11030814","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]}}}