{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:38:01Z","timestamp":1791466681696,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clinical and histological similarities between sarcoidosis and tuberculosis have driven repeated investigations looking for a mycobacterial cause of sarcoidosis. Over 50 years ago, \u201canonymous mycobacteria\u201d were suggested to have a role in the etiology of sarcoidosis. Both tuberculosis and sarcoidosis have a predilection for lung involvement, though each can be found in any area of the body. A key histopathologic feature of both sarcoidosis and tuberculosis is the granuloma\u2014while the tuberculous caseating granuloma has an area of caseous necrosis with a cheesy consistency; the non-caseating granuloma of sarcoidosis does not have this feature. This article reviews and reiterates the complicity of the infectious agent, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) as a cause of sarcoidosis. MAP is involved in a parallel story as the putative cause of Crohn\u2019s disease, another disease featuring noncaseating granulomas. MAP is a zoonotic agent infecting ruminant animals and is found in dairy products and in environmental contamination of water and air. Despite increasing evidence tying MAP to several human diseases, there is a continued resistance to embracing its pleiotropic roles. \u201cWho Moved My Cheese\u201d is a simple yet powerful book that explores the ways in which individuals react to change. Extending the metaphor, the \u201cnon-cheesy\u201d granuloma of sarcoidosis actually contains the difficult-to-detect \u201ccheese\u201d, MAP; MAP did not move, it was there all along.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11040829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T04:31:05Z","timestamp":1679632265000},"page":"829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Sarcoidosis, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and Noncaseating Granulomas: Who Moved My Cheese"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Coad Thomas","family":"Dow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy W.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7612-7727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward D.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA"},{"name":"Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-015-8480-0","article-title":"Sarcoidosis: A Critical Review of History and Milestones","volume":"49","author":"Spagnolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. 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