{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:22:45Z","timestamp":1783509765461,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]],"date-time":"2023-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science","award":["Agreement \u2116 075-15-2021-1401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Agreement \u2116 075-15-2021-1401"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sulphate-reducing bacteria, primarily Desulfovibrio, are responsible for the active generation of H2S in swine production waste. The model species for sulphate reduction studies, Desulfovibrio vulgaris strain L2, was previously isolated from swine manure characterized by high rates of dissimilatory sulphate reduction. The source of electron acceptors in low-sulphate swine waste for the high rate of H2S formation remains uncertain. Here, we demonstrate the ability of the L2 strain to use common animal farming supplements including L-lysine-sulphate, gypsum and gypsum plasterboards as electron acceptors for H2S production. Genome sequencing of strain L2 revealed the presence of two megaplasmids and predicted resistance to various antimicrobials and mercury, which was confirmed in physiological experiments. Most of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) are carried by two class 1 integrons located on the chromosome and on the plasmid pDsulf-L2-2. These ARGs, predicted to confer resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, lincosamides, sulphonamides, chloramphenicol and tetracycline, were probably laterally acquired from various Gammaproteobacteria and Firmicutes. Resistance to mercury is likely enabled by two mer operons also located on the chromosome and on pDsulf-L2-2 and acquired via horizontal gene transfer. The second megaplasmid, pDsulf-L2-1, encoded nitrogenase, catalase and type III secretion system suggesting close contact of the strain with intestinal cells in the swine gut. The location of ARGs on mobile elements allows us to consider D. vulgaris strain L2 as a possible vector transferring antimicrobials resistance determinants between the gut microbiote and microbial communities in environmental biotopes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11040838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T04:31:21Z","timestamp":1679891481000},"page":"838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Antibiotic-Resistant Desulfovibrio Produces H2S from Supplements for Animal Farming"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1318-2224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga V.","family":"Karnachuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey V.","family":"Beletsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp, Bld. 33-2, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9178-6912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey L.","family":"Rakitin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp, Bld. 33-2, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga P.","family":"Ikkert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marat R.","family":"Avakyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viacheslav S.","family":"Zyusman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Napilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8245-8757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey V.","family":"Mardanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp, Bld. 33-2, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1456-1832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolai V.","family":"Ravin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp, Bld. 33-2, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.5.1229-1237.1994","article-title":"Intracellular Campylobacter-like organism from ferrets and hamsters with proliferative bowel disease is a Desulfovibrio sp.","volume":"32","author":"Fox","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/30.11.1770","article-title":"Sulfate-reducing anaerobic bacteria in human feces","volume":"30","author":"Beerens","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1988.tb01891.x","article-title":"Competition for hydrogen between sulphate-reducing bacteria and methanogenic bacteria from the human large intestine","volume":"65","author":"Gibson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.6.2752-2754.2003","article-title":"Desulfovibrio desulfuricans bacteremia and review of human Desulfovibrio infections","volume":"41","author":"Goldstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.031245","article-title":"Identification and quantitation of mucosal and faecal desulfovibrios using real time polymerase chain reaction","volume":"53","author":"Fite","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"706","article-title":"Development of a group-specific PCR-based DGGE for analyzing sulfate-reducing bacteria in human gut","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13582","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1312524110","article-title":"Metabolic niche of a prominent sulfate-reducing human gut bacterium","volume":"110","author":"Rey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4689-5","article-title":"Sulfur Cycling and the Intestinal Microbiome","volume":"62","author":"Barton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.46.1.64","article-title":"The contribution of sulphate reducing bacteria and 5-aminosalicylic acid to faecal sulphide in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"46","author":"Pitcher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181fdc54c","article-title":"Bacterial colonization of colonic crypt mucous gel and disease activity in ulcerative colitis","volume":"252","author":"Fiachra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00942.x","article-title":"Sulfate-reducing bacteria in human feces and their association with inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"40","author":"Loubinoux","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2009.00709.x","article-title":"Culture-independent analysis of desulfovibrios in the human distal colon of healthy, colorectal cancer and polypectomized individuals","volume":"69","author":"Scanlan","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01242-x","article-title":"Diversity and distribution of sulfur metabolic genes in the human gut microbiome and their association with colorectal cancer","volume":"10","author":"Wolf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.7.1805-1808.1997","article-title":"Bacteremia caused by a recently described novel Desulfovibrio species","volume":"35","author":"McDougall","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.2.931-934.2000","article-title":"Bacteremia caused by a strain of Desulfovibrio related to the provisionally named Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis","volume":"38","author":"Loubinoux","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.4.1701-1702.2000","article-title":"Desulfovibrio desulfuricans bacteremia in a dog","volume":"38","author":"Shukla","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2017.12.013","article-title":"Desulfovibrio desulfuricans bacteremia: A case report and literature review","volume":"49","author":"Hagiya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960050357","article-title":"First isolation of Desulfovibrio species as part of a polymicrobial infection from a brain abscess","volume":"18","author":"Lozniewski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okamoto, Y., Miyabe, Y., Seki, M., Ushio, Y., Sato, K., Kasama, E., Akiyama, K., Karasawa, K., Uchida, K., and Kikuchi, K. (2022). First case of a renal cyst infection caused by Desulfovibrio: A case report and literature review. BMC Nephrol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-022-02803-w"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-022-01909-0","article-title":"Pathogenic effects of Desulfovibrio in the gut on fatty liver in diet-induced obese mice and children with obesity","volume":"57","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00083-14","article-title":"Desulfovibrio legallii prosthetic shoulder joint infection and review of antimicrobial susceptibility and clinical characteristics of Desulfovibrio infections","volume":"52","author":"Vasoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5308","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00630-09","article-title":"Susceptibilities of 23 Desulfovibrio isolates from humans. Antimicrob","volume":"53","author":"Nakao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.001","article-title":"Plasmids and the spread of resistance","volume":"303","author":"Carattoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Postgate, J.R. (1984). The Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt959","article-title":"The genome sequence of the anaerobic, sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough","volume":"22","author":"Heidelberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.006668-0","article-title":"Desulfovibrio africanus subsp. uniflagellum subsp. nov., a sulfate-reducing bacterium from a uranium-contaminated subsurface aquifer","volume":"60","author":"Sheik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2009.07.013","article-title":"Characterization of pNC1, a small and mobilizable plasmid for use in genetic manipulation of Desulfovibrio africanus","volume":"79","author":"Whiteley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ampbs.2015.05.002","article-title":"A Post-Genomic View of the Ecophysiology, Catabolism and Biotechnological Relevance of Sulphate-Reducing Prokaryotes","volume":"66","author":"Rabus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Microb. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90256-w","article-title":"Microbial sulfate reduction by Desulfovibrio is an important source of hydrogen sulfide from a large swine finishing facility","volume":"11","author":"Karnachuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-001-0914-3","article-title":"Growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria with solid-phase electron acceptors","volume":"58","author":"Karnachuk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txz094","article-title":"Bioavailability of l-lysine sulfate relative to l-lysine HCl for growing-finishing pigs","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0346-5","article-title":"Diversity and community pattern of sulfate-reducing bacteria in piglet gut","volume":"10","author":"Ran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0238022","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02380-22","article-title":"Novel Insights into the Pig Gut Microbiome Using Metagenome-Assembled Genomes","volume":"10","author":"Holman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19929-w","article-title":"A collection of bacterial isolates from the pig intestine reveals functional and taxonomic diversity","volume":"11","author":"Wylensek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.07.004","article-title":"Antibiotic Stewardship in Food-producing Animals: Challenges, Progress, and Opportunities","volume":"42","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parajuli, P., Rajput, M.I., and Verma, N.K. (2019). Plasmids of Shigella flexneri serotype 1c strain Y394 provide advantages to bacteria in the host. BMC Microbiol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1455-1"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-013-9900-x","article-title":"Characterization of precipitates formed by H2S-producing, Cu-resistant Firmicute isolates of Tissierella from human gut and Desulfosporosinus from mine waste","volume":"103","author":"Ikkert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balows, A., Tr\u00fcper, H.G., Dworkin, M., Harder, W., and Schleifer, K.H. (1992). The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria: Ecophysiology, Isolation, Identification, Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2191-1"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"101","article-title":"Distribution, diversity, and activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the water column in Gek-Gel Lake, Azerbaijan","volume":"75","author":"Karnachuk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mikrobiologiia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0402-3","article-title":"Domestication of previously uncultivated \u2018Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator\u2019 from a deep aquifer in Siberia sheds light on its physiology and evolution","volume":"13","author":"Karnachuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr507","article-title":"FLASH: Fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies","volume":"27","author":"Salzberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0072-8","article-title":"Assembly of long, error-prone reads using repeat graphs","volume":"37","author":"Kolmogorov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, B.J., Abeel, T., Shea, T., Priest, M., Abouelliel, A., Sakthikumar, S., Cuomo, C.A., Zeng, Q., Wortman, J., and Young, S.K. (2014). Pilon: An integrated tool for comprehensive microbial variant detection and genome assembly improvement. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112963"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8365","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08365","article-title":"RASTtk: A modular and extensible implementation of the RAST algorithm for building custom annotation pipelines and annotating batches of genomes","volume":"5","author":"Brettin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5972","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004213","article-title":"Proposal to reclassify the proteobacterial classes Deltaproteobacteria and Oligoflexia, and the phylum Thermodesulfobacteria into four phyla reflecting major functional capabilities","volume":"70","author":"Waite","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2009.01946.x","article-title":"Contribution of mobile genetic elements to Desulfovibrio vulgaris genome plasticity","volume":"11","author":"Walker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409727102","article-title":"Genomic insights that advance the species definition for prokaryotes","volume":"102","author":"Konstantinidis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07641-9","article-title":"High throughput ANI analysis of 90K prokaryotic genomes reveals clear species boundaries","volume":"9","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3980","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14426","article-title":"Pseudomonas syringae evades phagocytosis by animal cells via type III effector-mediated regulation of actin filament plasticity","volume":"20","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5095","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00152-08","article-title":"The evolution of class 1 integrons and the rise of antibiotic resistance","volume":"190","author":"Gillings","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"92","article-title":"Operon mer: Bacterial resistance to mercury and potential for bioremediation of contaminated environments","volume":"2","author":"Nascimento","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, Y., Xie, X.Q., Zhou, L., Guan, Q., Ren, Y., Mao, Y., Shi, J.S., Xu, Z.H., and Geng, Y. (2022). Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles Damage Epithelial Barrier and Induce Inflammation and Pyroptosis in Macrophages. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010089"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01387","article-title":"Escherichia coli Type III Secretion System 2 ATPase EivC Is Involved in the Motility and Virulence of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2015.09.005","article-title":"Type III Secretion: Building and Operating a Remarkable Nanomachine","volume":"41","author":"Portaliou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7652","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.112183899","article-title":"Genome wide identification of proteins secreted by the Hrp type III protein secretion system of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000","volume":"99","author":"Schneider","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.1997.tb00300.x","article-title":"Distribution, diversity and evolution of the bacterial mercury resistance (mer) operon","volume":"19","author":"Osborn","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1039\/c1lc20151d","article-title":"Microfluidic fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry (\u03bcFlowFISH)","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01016-2","article-title":"Contribution of livestock H2S to total sulfur emissions in a region with intensive animal production","volume":"8","author":"Feilberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, H., Du, Q., Lu, N., Jiang, X., Li, M., Xia, D., and Long, K. (2023). Comparison of the microbiome-metabolome response to copper sulfate and copper glycinate in growing pigs. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13030345"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/4\/838\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:02:54Z","timestamp":1760122974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/4\/838"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11040838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11040838","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]}}}