{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T14:51:43Z","timestamp":1781275903992,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of Research at the University of Nevada","award":["R15DE028431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15DE028431"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health (NIH)","award":["R15DE028431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15DE028431"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Slackia exigua (SE) is a recently identified intestinal microbe, which recent oral surveys suggest may be associated with oral diseases including caries and periodontal disease. Based upon the lack of information regarding this organism, the primary objective of this study was to determine the oral prevalence of this microbe and any potential associations with patient characteristics such as age, sex, or the presence of orthodontic appliances. This retrospective study involved the screening of an existing saliva repository composed of previously collected unstimulated clinical saliva samples. More specifically, N = 266 were identified and screened using a spectrophotometer at absorbances of A260 and A280 nm to determine their DNA purity and concentration. qPCR screening of these samples revealed a higher prevalence of Slackia exigua positive samples among pediatric patients (63.1%) compared with adults (36.9%) in this clinic population, p = 0.0007. In addition, higher percentages of Slackia exigua were observed among orthodontic patients (71.2%) compared with non-orthodontic patients (28.8%), p = 0.0001. These results did not vary by sex with nearly equal percentages of Slackia exigua positive males and females among adult and pediatric patients, as well as orthodontic and non-orthodontic samples. These results suggest a strong potential for association between the prevalence of this organism with age as well as orthodontic status, given that younger patients and those with orthodontic brackets (regardless of age) were most likely to harbor this pathogen in sufficient levels to be detected in saliva. More research will be needed to determine any associations with specific outcomes, such as caries or periodontal disease, among Slackia exigua positive patients within these specific populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11040867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T06:15:15Z","timestamp":1679984115000},"page":"867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prevalence of Oral Pathogen Slackia exigua among Clinical Orthodontic and Non-Orthodontic Saliva Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ching","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Education in Orthodontic Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Brigham","family":"Clawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1700 W. Charleston Boulevard, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1036-7522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Kingsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, 1001 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-46-4-1120","article-title":"Eubacterium exiguum sp. nov., isolated from human oral lesions","volume":"46","author":"Poco","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-49-2-595","article-title":"The family Coriobacteriaceae: Reclassification of Eubacterium exiguum (Poco et al. 1996) and Peptostreptococcus heliotrinreducens (Lanigan 1976) as Slackia exigua gen. nov., comb. nov. and Slackia heliotrinireducens gen. nov., comb. nov., and Eubacterium lentum (Prevot 1938) as Eggerthella lenta gen. nov., comb. nov","volume":"49","author":"Wade","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-50-2-679","article-title":"Description of Mogibacterium pumilum gen. nov., sp. nov. and Mogibacterium vescum gen. nov., sp. nov., and reclassification of Eubacterium timidum (Holdeman et al. 1980) as Mogibacterium timidum gen. nov., comb. nov","volume":"50","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302x.2004.00162.x","article-title":"DNA-DNA relatedness and phylogenetic positions of Slackia exigua, Slackia heliotrinireducens, Eggerthella lenta, and other related bacteria","volume":"19","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.016774-0","article-title":"Slackia equolifaciens sp. nov., a human intestinal bacterium capable of producing equol","volume":"60","author":"Jin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01576-09","article-title":"Characterization of Slackia exigua isolated from human wound infections, including abscesses of intestinal origin","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511421201","article-title":"Microbiota of severe early childhood caries before and after therapy","volume":"90","author":"Tanner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12361","article-title":"Microbial community in persistent apical periodontitis: A 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis","volume":"48","author":"Zakaria","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03984-15","article-title":"Microbial Diversity in the Early In Vivo-Formed Dental Biofilm","volume":"82","author":"Heller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_288_16","article-title":"Novel Pathogens in Periodontal Microbiology","volume":"9","author":"Hiranmayi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12932","article-title":"Cariogenic microbiome and microbiota of the early primary dentition: A contemporary overview","volume":"25","author":"Fakhruddin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karasneh, J.A., Al Habashneh, R.A., Marzouka, N.A., and Thornhill, M.H. (2017). Effect of cigarette smoking on subgingival bacteria in healthy subjects and patients with chronic periodontitis. BMC Oral Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0359-4"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854552","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2020.1854552","article-title":"Subgingival microbiota in a population with and without cognitive dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"Holmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skeie, M.S., Sen, A., Dahll\u00f6f, G., Fagerhaug, T.N., H\u00f8vik, H., and Klock, K.S. (2022). Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02631-2"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"659","article-title":"Impact of Aligners and Fixed Appliances on Oral Health during Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Oikonomou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"475","article-title":"Periodontal Parameters in Fixed Labial and Lingual Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Zhai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mester, A., Onisor, F., and Mesaros, A.S. (2022). Periodontal Health in Patients with Self-Ligating Brackets: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092570"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2019.02.041","article-title":"High-Throughput Sequencing Analysis of Microbial Profiles in the Dry Socket","volume":"77","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2202080104","article-title":"Microbial profiling of peri-implantitis compared to the periodontal microbiota in health and disease using 16S rRNA sequencing","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Periodontal. Implant Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2021.102498","article-title":"Septic shock caused by Slackia exigua in a patient with diabetes","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2021.102477","article-title":"A case of Slackia exigua bacteremia associated with pyometra in a patient with poor dentition","volume":"73","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"11","article-title":"A Rare Case of Periprosthetic Joint Infection Caused by a Periodontal Pathogen, Slackia exigua: A Case Report","volume":"22","author":"Brzezinski","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBJS Case Connect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb43010029","article-title":"Microbial Screening Reveals Oral Site-Specific Locations of the Periodontal Pathogen Selenomonas noxia","volume":"43","author":"McDaniel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDaniel, S., McDaniel, J., Howard, K.M., and Kingsley, K. (2021). Molecular Screening and Analysis Reveal Novel Oral Site-Specific Locations for the Cariogenic Pathogen Scardovia wiggsiae. Dent. J., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj9060073"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, J.E., Freel, N., Findley, A., Tomlin, K., Howard, K.M., Seran, C.C., Cruz, P., and Kingsley, K. (2012). A molecular survey of S. mutans and P. gingivalis oral microbial burden in human saliva using relative endpoint polymerase chain reaction (RE-PCR) within the population of a Nevada dental school revealed disparities among minorities. BMC Oral Health, 27.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-12-34"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, C., Clawson, J.B., Simpson, J., and Kingsley, K. (2023). Oral Prevalence of Akkermansia muciniphila Differs among Pediatric and Adult Orthodontic and Non-Orthodontic Patients. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11010112"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"431","article-title":"Oral tissues and orthodontic treatment: Common side effects","volume":"62","author":"Farronato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1590\/2176-9451.19.1.060-068.oar","article-title":"Are self-ligating brackets related to less formation of Streptococcus mutans colonies? A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Azevedo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dent. Press J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric14020035","article-title":"Analysis of a Pediatric Dental School Patient Population Revealed Increasing Trends of Limited English Proficiency (LEP) Patients: Implications for Pediatric Dental Public Health and Access to Care","volume":"14","author":"Mavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"160","article-title":"A Retrospective Evaluation of the Prevalence of Cracked Teeth Among an Adult Population in Nevada","volume":"6","author":"Ozuna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anwar, D.S., Mohd Yusof, M.Y.P., Ahmad, M.S., and Md Sabri, B.A. (2022). Family Influences on the Dental Caries Status of Children with Special Health Care Needs: A Systematic Review. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9121855"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"25760","article-title":"Assessment of the periodontal health status and gingival recession during orthodontic treatment with clear aligners and fixed appliances: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"CD004622","article-title":"Full-mouth treatment modalities (within 24 hours) for periodontitis in adults","volume":"6","author":"Eberhard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/4\/867\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:04:53Z","timestamp":1760123093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/4\/867"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11040867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11040867","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]}}}