{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T22:25:19Z","timestamp":1770071119694,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","award":["ANID-FONDECYT Regular 1200834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID-FONDECYT Regular 1200834"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","award":["ANID-FONDECYT postdoctoral 3210547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID-FONDECYT postdoctoral 3210547"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","award":["ANID-PIA-Anillo INACH ACT192057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID-PIA-Anillo INACH ACT192057"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"ECN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANID-FONDECYT Regular 1200834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID-FONDECYT Regular 1200834"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"ECN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANID-FONDECYT postdoctoral 3210547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID-FONDECYT postdoctoral 3210547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"ECN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANID-PIA-Anillo INACH ACT192057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID-PIA-Anillo INACH ACT192057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While progress has been made in surveying the oceans to understand microbial and viral communities, the coastal ocean and, specifically, estuarine waters, where the effects of anthropogenic activity are greatest, remain partially understudied. The coastal waters of Northern Patagonia are of interest since this region experiences high-density salmon farming as well as other disturbances such as maritime transport of humans and cargo. Here, we hypothesized that viral and microbial communities from the Comau Fjord would be distinct from those collected in global surveys yet would have the distinctive features of microbes from coastal and temperate regions. We further hypothesized that microbial communities will be functionally enriched in antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in general and in those related to salmon farming in particular. Here, the analysis of metagenomes and viromes obtained for three surface water sites showed that the structure of the microbial communities was distinct in comparison to global surveys such as the Tara Ocean, though their composition converges with that of cosmopolitan marine microbes belonging to Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. Similarly, viral communities were also divergent in structure and composition but matched known viral members from North America and the southern oceans. Microbial communities were functionally enriched in ARGs dominated by beta-lactams and tetracyclines, bacitracin, and the group macrolide\u2013lincosamide\u2013streptogramin (MLS) but were not different from other communities from the South Atlantic, South Pacific, and Southern Oceans. Similarly, viral communities were characterized by exhibiting protein clusters similar to those described globally (Tara Oceans Virome); however, Comau Fjord viromes displayed up to 50% uniqueness in their protein content. Altogether, our results indicate that microbial and viral communities from the Comau Fjord are a reservoir of untapped diversity and that, given the increasing anthropogenic impacts in the region, they warrant further study, specifically regarding resilience and resistance against antimicrobials and hydrocarbons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11040904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T03:02:01Z","timestamp":1680231721000},"page":"904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A First Insight into the Microbial and Viral Communities of Comau Fjord\u2014A Unique Human-Impacted Ecosystem in Patagonia (42\u2218 S)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sergio","family":"Guajardo-Leiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Talca, Universidad de Talca, Avda. Lircay s\/n, Talca 3465548, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Ecolog\u00eda Integrativa, Campus Talca, Universidad de Talca, Avda. Lircay s\/n, Talca 3465548, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katterinne N.","family":"Mendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Meneses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica Molecular y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Fruticultura y Enolog\u00eda, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda e Ingenier\u00eda Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"},{"name":"ANID\u2014Millennium Science Initiative Program\u2014Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370186, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"D\u00edez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica Molecular y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"},{"name":"Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago 8370449, Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CGR), Santiago 7800003, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4384-8661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Castro-Nallar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Talca, Universidad de Talca, Avda. Lircay s\/n, Talca 3465548, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Ecolog\u00eda Integrativa, Campus Talca, Universidad de Talca, Avda. Lircay s\/n, Talca 3465548, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16270","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.270","article-title":"Continental-scale pollution of estuaries with antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.01.069","article-title":"Microplastic pollution in estuaries across a gradient of human impact","volume":"247","author":"Hitchcock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. 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