{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T20:17:51Z","timestamp":1775593071277,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund (FWF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KLI 751-B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLI 751-B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis, the most recurrent sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Genital mycoplasmas, not considered STI agents, are frequently isolated from the female genital tract. A symbiosis between Mycoplasma species and T. vaginalis has been described. The aim of this study was to conduct molecular-based analyses of vaginal specimens, thus assessing the prevalence of non-STI Mycoplasma infections. In total, 582 samples from female patients and an additional 20 T.\u00a0vaginalis isolates were analyzed by PCR using Mycoplasma specific 16S rRNA primers, and the obtained PCR products were sequenced. Mycoplasma species were detected in 28.2% of the collected vaginal samples. Mycoplasma hominis was found in 21.5% of the specimens, Ureaplasma species were found in 7.5% of the samples. The molecular data of the newly described species, CandidatusMycoplasma girerdii, were obtained for the first time in Austria, in a sample also positive for T. vaginalis. Analyses of the cultivated T. vaginalis strains confirmed the presence of M. hominis in two out of 20 samples. A comparably high prevalence of genital mycoplasmas was revealed through advanced diagnostic assays, with M. hominis and U. parvum being the most prevalent species. The previously described symbiotic relationship between M. hominis and T. vaginalis was confirmed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11040933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T02:30:15Z","timestamp":1680575415000},"page":"933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Prevalence of Genital Mycoplasmas and Coinfection with Trichomonas vaginalis in Female Patients in Vienna, Austria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ina","family":"Hoxha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine (ISPTM), Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Lesiak-Markowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine (ISPTM), Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0356-2853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Walochnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine (ISPTM), Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Stary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pilzambulatorium Schl\u00f6sselgasse, Outpatients Centre for the Diagnosis of Venero-Dermatological Diseases, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"F\u00fcrnkranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine (ISPTM), Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Pilzambulatorium Schl\u00f6sselgasse, Outpatients Centre for the Diagnosis of Venero-Dermatological Diseases, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198005013021805","article-title":"The Genital Mycoplasmas","volume":"302","author":"McCormack","year":"1980","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521921","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/521921","article-title":"Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A fresh look","volume":"2010","author":"Larsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1383\/medc.2005.33.10.58","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis","volume":"33","author":"Hay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.757-789.2005","article-title":"Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas as Neonatal Pathogens","volume":"18","author":"Waites","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.02.009","article-title":"Mollicutes in vaginal microbiology: Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum and Mycoplasma genitalium","volume":"168","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit100","article-title":"Unique vaginal microbiota that includes an unknown Mycoplasma-like organism is associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection","volume":"207","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fettweis, J.M., Serrano, M.G., Huang, B., Brooks, J.P., Glascock, A.L., Sheth, N.U., Consortium, V.M., Strauss, J.F., Jefferson, K.K., and Buck, G.A. (2014). An Emerging Mycoplasma Associated with Trichomoniasis, Vaginal Infection and Disease. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110943"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0091822","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00918-22","article-title":"Two Different Species of Mycoplasma Endosymbionts Can Influence Trichomonas vaginalis Pathophysiology","volume":"13","author":"Margarita","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012). Global Incidence and Prevalence of Selected Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections: 2008. Reprod. Health Matters, 20, 207\u2013208.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(12)40660-7"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.2741\/1944","article-title":"Mycoplasma hominis and Trichomonas vaginalis: A unique case of symbiotic relationship between two obligate human parasites","volume":"11","author":"Dessi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.03.005","article-title":"Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection in Symbiosis with Trichomonas virus and Mycoplasma","volume":"168","author":"Fichorova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.8.2606-2615.1992","article-title":"Genus- and Species-Specific Identification of Mycoplasmas by 16S rRNA Amplification","volume":"58","author":"Angulo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3277-3280.2002","article-title":"Detection of Trichomonas Vaginalis on Modified Columbia Agar in the Routine Laboratory","volume":"40","author":"Stary","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91112-9","article-title":"Nonspecific vaginitis: Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations","volume":"74","author":"Amsel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1972.03200250017004","article-title":"Sexual Activity and Vaginal Colonization with Genital Mycoplasmas","volume":"221","author":"McCormack","year":"1972","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"263","article-title":"Hormonal status and mycoplasma colonization in the female genital tract","volume":"68","author":"Iwasaka","year":"1986","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01065-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01065-20","article-title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma Species in Nonpregnant Female Patients in South Korea Indicate an Increasing Trend of Pristinamycin-Resistant Isolates","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.07.004","article-title":"Detection and biovar discrimination of Ureaplasma urealyticum in Indian patients with genital tract infections","volume":"60","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15146","article-title":"Should We Be Testing for Urogenital Mycoplasma Hominis, Ureaplasma Parvum and Ureaplasma Urealyticum in Men and Women? \u2014A Position Statement from the European Sti Guidelines Editorial Board","volume":"32","author":"Horner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318074e565","article-title":"The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the United States, 2001-2004; associations with symptoms, sexual behaviors, and reproductive health","volume":"34","author":"Koumans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199705000-00001","article-title":"Sexual behavior risk factors associated with bacterial vaginosis and Chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"24","author":"Nilsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Bacterial Vaginosis-Associated Bacteria","volume":"3","author":"Margolis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Microbiol. (Second Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2564-x","article-title":"Mycoplasma hominis and Gardnerella vaginalis display a significant synergistic relationship in bacterial vaginosis","volume":"35","author":"Cox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lesiak-Markowicz, I., Walochnik, J., Stary, A., and F\u00fcrnkranz, U. (2022). Characterisation of Trichomonas vaginalis Isolates Collected from Patients in Vienna between 2019 and 2021. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012422"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.01.032","article-title":"Identification of a gene in Mycoplasma hominis associated with preterm birth and microbial burden in intra-amniotic infection","volume":"212","author":"Serrano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2009.12.022","article-title":"Rapid detection of coinfections by Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum by a new multiplex polymerase chain reaction","volume":"67","author":"Diaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2001.tb00529.x","article-title":"A clinical study on the association of Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis infections in women attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) outpatient clinic","volume":"32","author":"Verbrugh","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1975-y","article-title":"Mycoplasma hominis infection of Trichomonas vaginalis is not associated with metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis in clinical isolates from the United States","volume":"107","author":"Butler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61372-4","article-title":"Mycoplasma hominis parasitism of Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"352","author":"Rappelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018002135","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis: New tales of two old friends","volume":"146","author":"Margarita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0215-y","article-title":"Symbiosis of Mycoplasma hominis in Trichomonas vaginalis may link metronidazole resistance in vitro","volume":"100","author":"Xiao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5761-6","article-title":"Mycoplasma hominis impacts gene expression in Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"117","author":"Henrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/4\/933\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:09:06Z","timestamp":1760123346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/4\/933"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11040933"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11040933","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]}}}