{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:03:43Z","timestamp":1780319023020,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the OpenHealth Company","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"]}]},{"name":"the ANSES, the Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"]}]},{"name":"the National Research Agency under the \u201cInvestissements d\u2019avenir\u201d programme","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"]}]},{"name":"the Region Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"]}]},{"name":"European ERDF PRIMI funding","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coxiella burnetii, also known as the causal agent of Q fever, is a zoonotic pathogen infecting humans and several animal species. Here, we investigated the epidemiological context of C. burnetii from an area in the H\u00e9rault department in southern France, using the One Health paradigm. In total, 13 human cases of Q fever were diagnosed over the last three years in an area comprising four villages. Serological and molecular investigations conducted on the representative animal population, as well as wind data, indicated that some of the recent cases are likely to have originated from a sheepfold, which revealed bacterial contamination and a seroprevalence of 47.6%. However, the clear-cut origin of human cases cannot be ruled out in the absence of molecular data from the patients. Multi-spacer typing based on dual barcoding nanopore sequencing highlighted the occurrence of a new genotype of C. burnetii. In addition, the environmental contamination appeared to be widespread across a perimeter of 6 km due to local wind activity, according to the seroprevalence detected in dogs (12.6%) and horses (8.49%) in the surrounding populations. These findings were helpful in describing the extent of the exposed area and thus supporting the use of dogs and horses as valuable sentinel indicators for monitoring Q fever. The present data clearly highlighted that the epidemiological surveillance of Q fever should be reinforced and improved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11041016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T01:32:03Z","timestamp":1681435923000},"page":"1016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tracking the Source of Human Q Fever from a Southern French Village: Sentinel Animals and Environmental Reservoir"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8819-3019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younes","family":"Laidoudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3993-1787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elodie","family":"Rousset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES, Laboratoire de Sophia Antipolis, Unit\u00e9 fi\u00e8vre Q animale, 06902 Sophia Antipolis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Dessimoulie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinique V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des 4 Chemins, 34110 Vic-la-Gardiole, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"Prigent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES, Laboratoire de Sophia Antipolis, Unit\u00e9 fi\u00e8vre Q animale, 06902 Sophia Antipolis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliz\u00e9e","family":"Raptopoulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES, Laboratoire de Sophia Antipolis, Unit\u00e9 fi\u00e8vre Q animale, 06902 Sophia Antipolis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quentin","family":"Huteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Chabbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Analyses M\u00e9dicales Biomed 34, 34110 Mireval, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cabinet M\u00e9dical, 34110 Vic-la-Gardiole, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Edouard","family":"Fournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Rickettsies, Bartonella et Coxiella, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7836-6809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Davoust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-16","article-title":"From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: A paradigm change","volume":"30","author":"Eldin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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