{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:03:50Z","timestamp":1760148230849,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"EU Commission program FP7-SEC-2012-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aerosolized anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) spores are of extreme health concern and can remain airborne for hours and contaminate all kinds of surfaces, constituting reservoirs from which resuspension is easily produced. The assessment of decontamination techniques must therefore consider both air and surfaces. In the present study, several kinds of disinfecting fogs were experimentally tested against Bacillus thuringiensis spores, which served as a surrogate for Bacillus anthracis, both as aerosols released into the air and spread on porous and non-porous surfaces with different positions and orientations. This technology removed Bacillus thuringiensis spores from the air in 20 min with just a 1 min application of fog. The dynamics and characteristics of the fog, related to aerosol and surface interactions, proved to be critical for optimal performance and decontamination. An optimal configuration could provide effective disinfection even on indirectly reached surfaces. In all cases, 8% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) provided a higher disinfection rate than 2% glutaraldehyde.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11041021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T01:32:03Z","timestamp":1681435923000},"page":"1021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimal Fast Integral Decontamination of Bacillus thuringiensis Aerosols and Fast Disinfection of Contaminated Surfaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2414-8045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"P\u00e9rez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Mart\u00edn-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0021-7624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"del \u00c1lamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda-Casarrubios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Counterfog S.L., 28341 Valdemoro, Spain"},{"name":"San Jorge Tecnol\u00f3gicas S.L., 28341 Valdemoro, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2162-3907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Copa-Pati\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Soliveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Orellana-Muriana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Experimentation Center, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4870-8978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"P\u00e9rez-Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco Jos\u00e9","family":"Llerena-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0706.010604","article-title":"Bioterrorism-Related Inhalational Anthrax: The First 10 Cases Reported in the United States","volume":"7","author":"Jernigan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. 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