{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:56:36Z","timestamp":1787028996112,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of venoarterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy (ECMO) in patients admitted to cardiac intensive care units (CICU) has increased. Data regarding infections in this population are scarce. In this retrospective study, we analyzed the risk factors, outcome, and predictors of in-hospital mortality due to nosocomial infections in patients with ECMO admitted to a single coronary intensive care unit between July 2013 and March 2019 treated with VA-ECMO for &gt;48 h. From 69 patients treated with VA-ECMO &gt;48 h, (median age 58 years), 29 (42.0%) patients developed 34 episodes of infections with an infection rate of 0.92\/1000 ECMO days. The most frequent were ventilator-associated pneumonia (57.6%), tracheobronchitis (9.1%), bloodstream infections (9.1%), skin and soft tissue infections (9.1%), and cytomegalovirus reactivation (9.1%). In-hospital mortality was 47.8%, but no association with nosocomial infections was found (p = 0.75). The number of days on ECMO (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.30, p = 0.029) and noninfectious complications were higher in the infected patients (OR: 3.8 95% CI = 1.05\u201314.1). A higher baseline creatinine value (OR: 8.2 95% CI = 1.12\u201360.2) and higher blood lactate level at 4 h after ECMO initiation (OR: 2.0 95% CI = 1.23\u20133.29) were significant and independent risk factors for mortality. Conclusions: Nosocomial infections in medical patients treated with VA-ECMO are very frequent, mostly Gram-negative respiratory infections. Preventive measures could play an important role for these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11041079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T01:33:43Z","timestamp":1682040823000},"page":"1079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Nosocomial Infections in Adult Patients Supported by Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Cardiac Intensive Care Unit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0148-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Mornese Pinna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iago","family":"Sousa Casasnovas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Cardiolog\u00eda, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, CIBERCV, 28007 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Olmedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Ju\u00e0rez Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Cardiolog\u00eda, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, CIBERCV, 28007 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Devesa-Cordero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Cardiolog\u00eda, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, CIBERCV, 28007 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Galar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6270-7058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Alvarez-Uria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Avil\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Cardiolog\u00eda, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, CIBERCV, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Garc\u00eda Carre\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Cardiolog\u00eda, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, CIBERCV, 28007 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0289-6229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Sell\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Cardiolog\u00eda, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, CIBERCV, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8338-0130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Giuseppe","family":"De Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, A.O.U. Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Corcione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, A.O.U. 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