{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T16:43:20Z","timestamp":1782319400217,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]],"date-time":"2023-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Wilhelm and Else Stockmann foundation","award":["R\u00d6968220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R\u00d6968220"]}]},{"name":"The Wilhelm and Else Stockmann foundation","award":["931010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["931010"]}]},{"name":"The Wilhelm and Else Stockmann foundation","award":["J-No.: 38-2-7-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J-No.: 38-2-7-19"]}]},{"name":"The foundation for medical research of the \u00c5land cultural foundation","award":["R\u00d6968220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R\u00d6968220"]}]},{"name":"The foundation for medical research of the \u00c5land cultural foundation","award":["931010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["931010"]}]},{"name":"The foundation for medical research of the \u00c5land cultural foundation","award":["J-No.: 38-2-7-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J-No.: 38-2-7-19"]}]},{"name":"The Jubilee foundation from the provincial government of the Aland Island","award":["R\u00d6968220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R\u00d6968220"]}]},{"name":"The Jubilee foundation from the provincial government of the Aland Island","award":["931010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["931010"]}]},{"name":"The Jubilee foundation from the provincial government of the Aland Island","award":["J-No.: 38-2-7-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J-No.: 38-2-7-19"]}]},{"name":"Region \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland","award":["R\u00d6968220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R\u00d6968220"]}]},{"name":"Region \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland","award":["931010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["931010"]}]},{"name":"Region \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland","award":["J-No.: 38-2-7-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J-No.: 38-2-7-19"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010805","name":"Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R\u00d6968220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R\u00d6968220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010805","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010805","name":"Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["931010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["931010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010805","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010805","name":"Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J-No.: 38-2-7-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J-No.: 38-2-7-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010805","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Division of Laboratory Medicine, Region J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping County","award":["R\u00d6968220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R\u00d6968220"]}]},{"name":"Division of Laboratory Medicine, Region J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping County","award":["931010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["931010"]}]},{"name":"Division of Laboratory Medicine, Region J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping County","award":["J-No.: 38-2-7-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J-No.: 38-2-7-19"]}]},{"name":"European Union through the European Regional Development Fund and the Interreg North Sea Region Program 2014\u20132020 as part of the NorthTick project","award":["R\u00d6968220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R\u00d6968220"]}]},{"name":"European Union through the European Regional Development Fund and the Interreg North Sea Region Program 2014\u20132020 as part of the NorthTick project","award":["931010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["931010"]}]},{"name":"European Union through the European Regional Development Fund and the Interreg North Sea Region Program 2014\u20132020 as part of the NorthTick project","award":["J-No.: 38-2-7-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J-No.: 38-2-7-19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The AxBioTick study was initiated to investigate the prevalence of ticks and tick-borne pathogens and their impact on antibody and clinical responses in tick-bitten individuals on the Aland Islands. This geographical area is hyperendemic for both Lyme borreliosis (LB) and Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). Blood samples and ticks were collected from 100 tick-bitten volunteers. A total of 425 ticks was collected, all determined to Ixodes ricinus using molecular tools. Of them 20% contained Borrelia species, of which B. garinii and B. afzelii were most common. None contained the TBE virus (TBEV). Blood samples were drawn in conjunction with the tick bite, and eight weeks later. Sera were analyzed for Borrelia- and TBEV-specific antibodies using an ELISA and a semiquantitative antibody assay. In total 14% seroconverted in Borrelia C6IgG1, 3% in TBEV IgG, and 2% in TBEV IgM. Five participants developed clinical manifestations of LB. The high seroprevalence of both Borrelia (57%) and TBEV (52%) antibodies are likely attributed to the endemic status of the corresponding infections as well as the TBE vaccination program. Despite the similar prevalence of Borrelia spp. detected in ticks in other parts of Europe, the infection rate in this population is high. The AxBioTick study is continuing to investigate more participants and ticks for co-infections, and to characterize the dermal immune response following a tick bite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T01:35:44Z","timestamp":1682300144000},"page":"1100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The AxBioTick Study: Borrelia Species and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus in Ticks, and Clinical Responses in Tick-Bitten Individuals on the Aland Islands, Finland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3388-9630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nellie","family":"Carlstr\u00f6mer Berth\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Borrelia Research Group of the Aland Islands, 22100 Mariehamn, The Aland Islands, Finland"},{"name":"Bimelix AB, 22100 Mariehamn, The Aland Islands, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8580-4021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eszter","family":"Tompa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection, Linkoping University, 581 83 Linkoping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Olausson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Borrelia Research Group of the Aland Islands, 22100 Mariehamn, The Aland Islands, Finland"},{"name":"Bimelix AB, 22100 Mariehamn, The Aland Islands, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Nyberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Borrelia Research Group of the Aland Islands, 22100 Mariehamn, The Aland Islands, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dag","family":"Nyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Borrelia Research Group of the Aland Islands, 22100 Mariehamn, The Aland Islands, Finland"},{"name":"Bimelix AB, 22100 Mariehamn, The Aland Islands, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malin","family":"Ringbom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Borrelia Research Group of the Aland Islands, 22100 Mariehamn, The Aland Islands, Finland"},{"name":"The Aland Islands Healthcare Services, 22100 Mariehamn, The Aland Islands, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Perander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Borrelia Research Group of the Aland Islands, 22100 Mariehamn, The Aland Islands, Finland"},{"name":"The Aland Islands Healthcare Services, 22100 Mariehamn, The Aland Islands, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Sv\u00e4rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection, Linkoping University, 581 83 Linkoping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per-Eric","family":"Lindgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection, Linkoping University, 581 83 Linkoping, Sweden"},{"name":"Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, County Hospital Ryhov, 551 85 Jonkoping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Forsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection, Linkoping University, 581 83 Linkoping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Wilhelmsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection, Linkoping University, 581 83 Linkoping, Sweden"},{"name":"Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, County Hospital Ryhov, 551 85 Jonkoping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5622-866X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Sj\u00f6wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection, Linkoping University, 581 83 Linkoping, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Vrinnevi Hospital, 603 79 Norrkoping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"Nordberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Borrelia Research Group of the Aland Islands, 22100 Mariehamn, The Aland Islands, Finland"},{"name":"The Aland Islands Healthcare Services, 22100 Mariehamn, The Aland Islands, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.08.009","article-title":"A Prospective Study on the Incidence of Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato Infection after a Tick Bite in Sweden and on the \u00c5land Islands, Finland (2008\u20132009)","volume":"7","author":"Wilhelmsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindblom, P., Wilhelmsson, P., Fryland, L., Matussek, A., Haglund, M., Sj\u00f6wall, J., Vene, S., Nyman, D., Forsberg, P., and Lindgren, P.-E. 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