{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T07:48:02Z","timestamp":1782028082432,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology\u2014Inflammation and Allergy (LICIA), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca","award":["R01AI143810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI143810"]}]},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology\u2014Inflammation and Allergy (LICIA), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca","award":["UL1TR001866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001866"]}]},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology\u2014Inflammation and Allergy (LICIA), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-01"]}]},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology\u2014Inflammation and Allergy (LICIA), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}]},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Rockefeller University, the St. Giles Foundation, the National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R01AI143810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI143810"]}]},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Rockefeller University, the St. Giles Foundation, the National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["UL1TR001866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001866"]}]},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Rockefeller University, the St. Giles Foundation, the National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-01"]}]},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Rockefeller University, the St. Giles Foundation, the National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA)","award":["R01AI143810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI143810"]}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA)","award":["UL1TR001866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001866"]}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA)","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-01"]}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA)","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}]},{"name":"French Government and implemented by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)","award":["R01AI143810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI143810"]}]},{"name":"French Government and implemented by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)","award":["UL1TR001866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001866"]}]},{"name":"French Government and implemented by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-01"]}]},{"name":"French Government and implemented by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}]},{"name":"Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Excellence","award":["R01AI143810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI143810"]}]},{"name":"Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Excellence","award":["UL1TR001866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001866"]}]},{"name":"Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Excellence","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-01"]}]},{"name":"Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Excellence","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unusual viral skin infections might be the first clinical manifestation in children with an inborn error of immunity (IEI). We performed a prospective study from 1 October 2017 to 30 September 2021, at the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Clinical Immunity of Ibn Rochd University Hospital-Casablanca. During this period, on 591 patients newly diagnosed with a probable IEI, eight of them (1.3%), from six independent families, had isolated or syndromic unusual viral skin infections, which were either profuse, chronic or recurrent infections, and resistant to any treatment. The median age of disease onset was nine years old and all patients were born from a first-degree consanguineous marriage. By combining clinical, immunological and genetic investigations, we identified GATA2 deficiency in one patient with recalcitrant profuse verrucous lesions and monocytopenia (1\/8) and STK4 deficiency in two families with HPV lesions, either flat or common warts, and lymphopenia (2\/8), as previously reported. We also identified COPA deficiency in twin sisters with chronic profuse Molluscum contagiosum lesions, pulmonary diseases and microcytic hypochromic anemia (2\/8). Finally, we also found one patient with chronic profuse MC lesions and hyper IgE syndrome, (1\/8) and two patients with either recalcitrant profuse verrucous lesions or recurrent post-herpetic erythema multiforme and a combined immunodeficiency (2\/8) with no genetic defect identified yet. Raising clinicians awareness that infectious skin diseases might be the consequence of an inborn error of immunity would allow for optimized diagnosis, prevention and treatment of patients and their families.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T01:38:21Z","timestamp":1683250701000},"page":"1202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Atypical Cutaneous Viral Infections Reveal an Inborn Error of Immunity in 8 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2433-9116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assiya","family":"El Kettani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology-Inflammation and Allergy LICIA, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology, Virology and Hospital Hygiene, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Ailal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology-Inflammation and Allergy LICIA, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"},{"name":"Clinical Immunology and Infectious Pediatrics Department, Abderrahim Harouchi Hospital, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farida","family":"Marnissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fouzia","family":"Hali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jalila","family":"El Bakkouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology-Inflammation and Allergy LICIA, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"},{"name":"Immunology Laboratory, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibtihal","family":"Benhsaien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology-Inflammation and Allergy LICIA, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"},{"name":"Clinical Immunology and Infectious Pediatrics Department, Abderrahim Harouchi Hospital, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7253-3135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Le Voyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Imagine Institute, Paris Cit\u00e9 University, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mame Sokhna","family":"Gu\u00e8ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research, Epidemiological Surveillance and Training, Dakar 7325, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"Chevalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Imagine Institute, Paris Cit\u00e9 University, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumiya","family":"Chiheb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Zerouali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology-Inflammation and Allergy LICIA, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology, Virology and Hospital Hygiene, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Jouanguy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Imagine Institute, Paris Cit\u00e9 University, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Laurent","family":"Casanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Imagine Institute, Paris Cit\u00e9 University, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Aziz","family":"Bousfiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology-Inflammation and Allergy LICIA, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"},{"name":"Clinical Immunology and Infectious Pediatrics Department, Abderrahim Harouchi Hospital, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-020-00758-x","article-title":"Human Inborn Errors of Immunity: 2019 Update of the IUIS Phenotypical Classification","volume":"40","author":"Bousfiha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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