{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T05:06:10Z","timestamp":1772773570973,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation to the EIMB Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["075-15-2019-1660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2019-1660"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation to the EIMB Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["056-03-2021-124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["056-03-2021-124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017638","name":"Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["075-15-2019-1660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2019-1660"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017638","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017638","name":"Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["056-03-2021-124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["056-03-2021-124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017638","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The goal of this work was to determine the factors affecting the emergence of azithromycin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Russia, where azithromycin was never recommended for the treatment of gonococcal infections. Clinical N. gonorrhoeae isolates collected in 2018\u20132021 (428 isolates) were analyzed. No azithromycin-resistant isolates were found in 2018\u20132019, but in 2020\u20132021, a significant increase in the ratio of azithromycin-resistant isolates was observed: 16.8% and 9.3%, respectively. A hydrogel DNA microarray was developed for the analysis of resistance determinants: mutations in the genes encoding the mtrCDE efflux system and in all four copies of the 23S rRNA gene (position 2611). A majority of the azithromycin-resistant Russian isolates belonged to the NG-MAST G12302 genogroup, and the resistance was associated with the presence of a mosaic structure of the mtrR gene promoter region with the \u221235 delA deletion, an Ala86Thr mutation in the mtrR gene, and a mosaic structure of the mtrD gene. A comparative phylogenetic study of modern Russian and European N. gonorrhoeae populations allowed us to conclude that the emergence of azithromycin resistance in Russia in 2020 was the result of the appearance and spread of European N. gonorrhoeae strains belonging to the G12302 genogroup due to possible cross-border transfer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T01:32:53Z","timestamp":1683509573000},"page":"1226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Emergence of Azithromycin-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates Belonging to the NG-MAST Genogroup 12302 in Russia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9416-875X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilya","family":"Kandinov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Dementieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Filippova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Vinokurova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0315-7428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofya","family":"Gorshkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Kubanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology of Russian Ministry of Health, Korolenko Street, 3, 107076 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Solomka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology of Russian Ministry of Health, Korolenko Street, 3, 107076 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Shagabieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology of Russian Ministry of Health, Korolenko Street, 3, 107076 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Deryabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology of Russian Ministry of Health, Korolenko Street, 3, 107076 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0316-2262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Shaskolskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3183-318X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Gryadunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, April 12). 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