{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:40:46Z","timestamp":1785904846584,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AHV International, Zwolle, Netherlands"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine udder health is an important factor for animal wellbeing and the dairy farm economy. Thus, researchers aim to understand factors causing mastitis. The gold standard for diagnosing mastitis in cows is the conventional culturing of milk samples. However, during the last few years, the use of molecular methods has increased. These methods, especially sequencing, provide a deeper insight into the diversity of the bacterial community. Yet, inconsistent results regarding the mammary microbiome have been published. This study aimed to evaluate the udder health of eight dairy cows at seven days postpartum with the standard methods in veterinary practice. Additionally, swabs from the teat canal and milk samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The sensitive low-biomass milk samples displayed only a few contaminations even though they were sampled in a field environment. In healthy udders, no bacterial communities were detected by the bacterial culture nor the 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The results from the standard examination of the cows, the cell count, and the bacteriological examination were comparable with the results from 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing when cows displayed subclinical or latent mastitis. Besides the pathogen detected in bacterial culturing, a second bacterial strain with low but significant abundance was detected by sequencing, which might aid in the understanding of mastitis incidence. In general, molecular biological approaches might lead to promising insights into pathological events in the udder and might help to understand the pathomechanism and infection source via epidemiological analyses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T06:00:29Z","timestamp":1684389629000},"page":"1311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Bovine Udder Health: From Standard Diagnostic Methods to New Approaches\u2014A Practical Investigation of Various Udder Health Parameters in Combination with 16S rRNA Sequencing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3837-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena","family":"R\u00f6tzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture and Energy Systems, University of Applied Science Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, 85354 Freising, Germany"},{"name":"Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2126-1800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmin","family":"Wenderlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7688-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Wiesinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Versen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture and Energy Systems, University of Applied Science Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9992-3902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elke","family":"Rauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8382-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinhard K.","family":"Straubinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Zeiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture and Energy Systems, University of Applied Science Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.163.6.175","article-title":"Animal-based measurements of the severity of mastitis in dairy cows","volume":"163","author":"Kemp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E15","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72360-8","article-title":"Influence of raw milk quality on fluid milk shelf life","volume":"89","author":"Barbano","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74136-2","article-title":"Trends in somatic cell counts, bacterial counts, and antibiotic residue violations in New York State during 1999-2000","volume":"85","author":"Lotem","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2011.547165","article-title":"Economic aspects of mastitis: New developments","volume":"59","author":"Hogeveen","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1112","article-title":"Morphologic changes in the bovine mammary gland during involution and lactogenesis","volume":"49","author":"Sordillo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2004.06.010","article-title":"The importance of the nonlactating period in the epidemiology of intramammary infection and strategies for prevention","volume":"20","author":"Bradley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pr."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Winter, P.M., Burvenich, C., Hogeeven, H., Nijenhuis, F., Dem Rasmussen, M., Schweigert, F.J., Spiegeleer, B., and de Zehle, H.H. (2009). Praktischer Leitfaden Mastitis: Vorgehen beim Einzeltier und im Bestand, Parey."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guardabassi, L., Jensen, L.B., and Kruse, H. (2008). Guide to Antimicrobial Use in Animals, Blackwell Pub.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444302639"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Fehlings, K., Zsch\u00f6ck, M., Baumg\u00e4rtner, B., Geringer, M., Hamann, J., and Knappstein, K. (2009). Leitlinien Entnahme von Milchproben unter antiseptischen Bedingungen und Isolierung und Identifizierung von Mastitiserregern, Verlag der Deutschen Veterin\u00e4rmedizinischen Gesellschaft e.V. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s43705-021-00017-z","article-title":"Automated analysis of genomic sequences facilitates high-throughput and comprehensive description of bacteria","volume":"1","author":"Hitch","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0603-3","article-title":"A unified catalog of 204,938 reference genomes from the human gut microbiome","volume":"39","author":"Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.11.009","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of PCR analysis and bacteriological culture of milk samples for identification of intramammary infections in dairy cows using latent class analysis","volume":"135","author":"Nyman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1729","article-title":"Real-time polymerase chain reaction-based identification of bacteria in milk samples from bovine clinical mastitis with no growth in conventional culturing","volume":"92","author":"Taponen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3510","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)73036-8","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of mastitis pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Streptococcus agalactiae by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction","volume":"88","author":"Gillespie","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1549","article-title":"Analytical specificity and sensitivity of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for identification of bovine mastitis pathogens","volume":"92","author":"Koskinen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6436","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5328","article-title":"Bayesian estimation of the diagnostic accuracy of a multiplex real-time PCR assay and bacteriological culture for four common bovine intramammary pathogens","volume":"95","author":"Paradis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00060","article-title":"Milk Microbiota: What Are We Exactly Talking About?","volume":"11","author":"Oikonomou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Burge, M. (1988). Fungi in Biological Control Systems, Manchester University Press."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0429-2","article-title":"Mammary microbiota of dairy ruminants: Fact or fiction?","volume":"48","author":"Rainard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2018.06.003","article-title":"Understanding the Milk Microbiota","volume":"34","author":"Metzger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10605","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14860","article-title":"Invited review: Microbiota of the bovine udder: Contributing factors and potential implications for udder health and mastitis susceptibility","volume":"101","author":"Derakhshani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1039\/C6MB00217J","article-title":"The bovine milk microbiota: Insights and perspectives from -omics studies","volume":"12","author":"Addis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0662-y","article-title":"Bovine milk microbiome: A more complex issue than expected","volume":"50","author":"Taponen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6532","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10811","article-title":"The effect of sampling technique on PCR-based bacteriological results of bovine milk samples","volume":"99","author":"Simojoki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6346","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14212","article-title":"Influence of sampling technique and bedding type on the milk microbiota: Results of a pilot study","volume":"101","author":"Metzger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.07.003","article-title":"The effect of a cannula milk sampling technique on the microbiological diagnosis of bovine mastitis","volume":"226","author":"Friman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2006.00091.x","article-title":"Characterization of bacterial populations recovered from the teat canals of lactating dairy and beef cattle by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis","volume":"56","author":"Gill","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00480","article-title":"Bovine Teat Microbiome Analysis Revealed Reduced Alpha Diversity and Significant Changes in Taxonomic Profiles in Quarters with a History of Mastitis","volume":"7","author":"Falentin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10191","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14858","article-title":"Composition of the teat canal and intramammary microbiota of dairy cows subjected to antimicrobial dry cow therapy and internal teat sealant","volume":"101","author":"Derakhshani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05546-8","article-title":"Questioning the fetal microbiome illustrates pitfalls of low-biomass microbial studies","volume":"613","author":"Kennedy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00905-x","article-title":"Correction to: Microbiome definition re-visited: Old concepts and new challenges","volume":"8","author":"Berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Dirksen, G., Gr\u00fcnder, H.-D., and St\u00f6ber, M. (1998). Die klinische Untersuchung des Rindes, Parey. [3rd ed.]. neubearb. u. erw. Aufl."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Donat, K., G\u00e4rtner, T., and Gernand, E. (2020, January 19). Pansenf\u00fcllung ante partum: Ein Parameter mit prognostischem Wert f\u00fcr Krankheiten und Leistungen in der Folgelaktation. Proceedings of the bpT\u2014Kongress DIGITAL 2020, Germany."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74333-6","article-title":"Effects of Tail Docking on Milk Quality and Cow Cleanliness","volume":"85","author":"Schreiner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Cook, N., and Reinemann, D.A. (2007, January 21\u201324). Tool Box for Assessing Cow, Udder and Teat Hygiene. Proceedings of the 46th Annual MeetingNational Mastitis Council, San Antonio, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0827-5656","article-title":"Bewertung der Pansenf\u00fcllung von Milchk\u00fchen zur Beurteilung der individuellen Futteraufnahme in der Bestandsbetreuung","volume":"47","author":"Crivellaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"145","article-title":"A novel scoring system for monitoring the relationship between nutritional efficiency and fertility in dairy cows","volume":"56","author":"Zaaijer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Fehlings, K., Hamann, J., Klawonn, W., Knappstein, K., Mansfeld, R., Wittkowski, G., and Zsch\u00f6ck, M. (2012). Bek\u00e4mpfung der Mastitis des Rindes als Bestandsproblem: Leitlinien, DVG. [5th ed.]. \u00fcberarb. Aufl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11353-4","article-title":"Amplicon-sequencing of raw milk microbiota: Impact of DNA extraction and library-PCR","volume":"105","author":"Siebert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks808","article-title":"Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies","volume":"41","author":"Klindworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic. Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiesinger, A., Wenderlein, J., Ulrich, S., Hiereth, S., Chitimia-Dobler, L., and Straubinger, R.K. (2023). Revealing the Tick Microbiome: Insights into Midgut and Salivary Gland Microbiota of Female Ixodes ricinus Ticks. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021100"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33721","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33721","article-title":"IMNGS: A comprehensive open resource of processed 16S rRNA microbial profiles for ecology and diversity studies","volume":"6","author":"Lagkouvardos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2604","article-title":"UPARSE: Highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads","volume":"10","author":"Edgar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic. Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001755","article-title":"Introducing EzBioCloud: A taxonomically united database of 16S rRNA gene sequences and whole-genome assemblies","volume":"67","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5607","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004332","article-title":"List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ","volume":"70","author":"Parte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5056","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.005056","article-title":"Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes","volume":"71","author":"Oren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2836","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2836","article-title":"Rhea: A transparent and modular R pipeline for microbial profiling based on 16S rRNA gene amplicons","volume":"5","author":"Lagkouvardos","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73950-2","article-title":"Relationship Between Udder and Leg Hygiene Scores and Subclinical Mastitis","volume":"86","author":"Schreiner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"e01202","article-title":"Primer, Pipelines, Parameters: Issues in 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing","volume":"6","author":"Matchado","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oikonomou, G., Machado, V.S., Santisteban, C., Schukken, Y.H., and Bicalho, R.C. (2012). Microbial diversity of bovine mastitic milk as described by pyrosequencing of metagenomic 16S rDNA. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047671"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuehn, J.S., Gorden, P.J., Munro, D., Rong, R., Dong, Q., Plummer, P.J., Wang, C., and Phillips, G.J. (2013). Bacterial community profiling of milk samples as a means to understand culture-negative bovine clinical mastitis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061959"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05244.x","article-title":"Milk microbiome signatures of subclinical mastitis-affected cattle analysed by shotgun sequencing","volume":"112","author":"Bhatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobirka, M., Tancin, V., and Slama, P. (2020). Epidemiology and Classification of Mastitis. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122212"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00109-13","article-title":"Coagulase-negative staphylococci","volume":"27","author":"Becker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)75126-5","article-title":"Identification of Corynebacterium bovis and other coryneforms isolated from bovine mammary glands","volume":"83","author":"Watts","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dairy. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268802008221","article-title":"Clinical, epidemiological and molecular characteristics of Streptococcus uberis infections in dairy herds","volume":"130","author":"Zadoks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01583-15","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Streptococcus uberis Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Herds: Strain Heterogeneity and Transmission","volume":"54","author":"Davies","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selbitz, H.-J., Truyen, U., and Valentin-Weigand, P. (2015). Tiermedizinische Mikrobiologie, Infektions- und Seuchenlehre: Teil III Spezielle Bakteriologie, Georg Thieme Verlag. Grampositive Kokken.","DOI":"10.1055\/b-0035-126991"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0505","DOI":"10.5424\/sjar\/2019174-15316","article-title":"Evaluation and cluster analysis of inflammatory reactions of dairy cattle mastitis pathogens in milk samples submitted for microbiological examination","volume":"17","author":"Barreal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Span. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8067","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08790-5","article-title":"Milk microbiome and bacterial load following dry cow therapy without antibiotics in dairy cows with healthy mammary gland","volume":"7","author":"Bonsaglia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37565","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37565","article-title":"Longitudinal metagenomic profiling of bovine milk to assess the impact of intramammary treatment using a third-generation cephalosporin","volume":"6","author":"Ganda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0291-5","article-title":"Normal milk microbiome is reestablished following experimental infection with Escherichia coli independent of intramammary antibiotic treatment with a third-generation cephalosporin in bovines","volume":"5","author":"Ganda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2001146","article-title":"Effect of milk sampling techniques on milk composition, bacterial contamination, viability and functions of resident cells in milk","volume":"32","author":"Vangroenweghe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Res."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/5\/1311\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:36:41Z","timestamp":1760125001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/5\/1311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11051311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11051311","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]}}}