{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:10:41Z","timestamp":1760148641297,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) is a life-threatening healthcare-associated infection affecting especially patients with immunosuppression and comorbidities. We investigated the association between the incidence of CRPA bacteremia, antibiotic consumption, and infection control measures in a hospital during 2013\u20132018. Methods: We prospectively recorded the incidence of CRPA bacteremia, antibiotic consumption, use of hand-hygiene solutions, and isolation rates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) carrier patients. Findings: The consumption of colistin, aminoglycosides, and third-generation cephalosporins decreased significantly in the total hospital and its divisions (p-value &lt; 0.001 for all comparisons) while the consumption of carbapenems decreased significantly in the adults ICU (p-value = 0.025). In addition, the incidence of CRPA significantly decreased in the total hospital clinics and departments (p-values = 0.027 and 0.042, respectively) and in adults clinics and departments (p-values = 0.031 and 0.051, respectively), while in the adults ICU, the incidence remained unchanged. Increased isolation rates of MDR carrier patients, even two months before, significantly correlated with decreased incidence of CRPA bacteremia (IRR: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.05\u20130.73, p-value = 0.015) in the adults ICU. Interestingly, when the use of hand-hygiene solutions (alcohol and\/or scrub) increased, the consumption of advanced, nonadvanced, and all antibiotics decreased significantly. Conclusion: In our hospital, multimodal infection control interventions resulted in a significant reduction of CRPA bacteremia, mostly due to the reduction of all classes of antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T06:00:29Z","timestamp":1684389629000},"page":"1315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteremia, through a Six-Year Infection Control Program in a Hospital"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Amalia","family":"Papanikolopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, Athens Medical Center, 5-7 Distomou Str., 15125 Marousi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Gargalianos-Kakolyris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases Department, Athens Medical Center, 1 Delfon Str., 15125 Marousi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athina","family":"Stoupis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases Department, Athens Medical Center, 1 Delfon Str., 15125 Marousi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikos","family":"Moussas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases Department, Athens Medical Center, 1 Delfon Str., 15125 Marousi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Pangalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biopathology Department, Athens Medical Center, 5-7 Distomou Str., 15125 Marousi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalliopi","family":"Theodoridou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Andreas Syggros Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Genovefa","family":"Chronopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biopathology Department, Athens Medical Center, 5-7 Distomou Str., 15125 Marousi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4196-5066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikos","family":"Pantazis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kantzanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0264-3547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena C.","family":"Maltezou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Research, Studies and Documentation, National Public Health Organization, 3-5 Agrafon Str., 15123 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0656-4715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Tsakris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01635-6","article-title":"The Epidemiology and Pathogenesis and Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections: An Update","volume":"81","author":"Reynolds","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2006.12.005","article-title":"Opportunistic infections in lung disease: Pseudomonas infections in cystic fibrosis","volume":"7","author":"Prince","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. 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