{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:06:13Z","timestamp":1793232373264,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Probiotics are microorganisms that confer benefits to the host, and, for this reason, they have been proposed in several pathologic states. Specifically, probiotic bacteria have been investigated as a therapeutic option in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, but clinical results are dishomogeneous. In particular, many probiotic species with different therapeutic schemes have been proposed, but no study has investigated probiotics in monotherapy in adequate trials for the induction of remission. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is the more intensively studied probiotic and it has ideal characteristics for utilization in UC patients. The aim of the present study is to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of LGG administration in an open trial, delivered in monotherapy at two different doses, in UC patients with mild\u2013moderate disease. The UC patients with mild\u2013moderate disease activity (Partial Mayo score \u2265 2) despite treatment with oral mesalamine were included. The patients stopped oral mesalamine and were followed up for one month, then were randomized to receive LGG supplement at dose of 1.2 or 2.4 \u00d7 1010 CFU\/day for one month. At the end of the study, the clinical activity was evaluated and compared to that at the study entrance (efficacy). Adverse events were recorded (safety). The primary end-point was clinical improvement (reduction in the Partial Mayo score) and no serious adverse events, while the secondary end-points were the evaluation of different efficacies and safeties between the two doses of LGG. The patients with disease flares dropped out of the study and went back to standard therapy. The efficacy data were analyzed in an intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analysis. Out of the 76 patients included in the study, 75 started the probiotic therapy (n = 38 and 37 per group). In the ITT analysis, 32\/76 (42%) responded to treatment, 21\/76 (28%) remained stable, and 23\/76 (30%) had a worsening of their clinical condition; 55 (72%) completed the treatment and were analyzed in a PP analysis: 32\/55 (58%) had a clinical response, 21 (38%) remained stable, and 2 (4%) had a light worsening of their clinical condition (p &lt; 0.0001). Overall, 37% of the patients had a disease remission. No severe adverse event was recorded, and only one patient stopped therapy due to obstinate constipation. No difference in the clinical efficacy and safety has been recorded between groups treated with different doses of LGG. The present prospective clinical trial demonstrates, for the first time, that LGG in monotherapy is safe and effective for the induction of remission in UC patients with mild\u2013moderate disease activity (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04102852).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T01:36:28Z","timestamp":1684978588000},"page":"1381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Safety and Potential Role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Administration as Monotherapy in Ulcerative Colitis Patients with Mild\u2013Moderate Clinical Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9985-7490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"Pagnini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, S. Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Via dell\u2019Amba Aradam 9, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Carla","family":"Di Paolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, S. Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Via dell\u2019Amba Aradam 9, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Urgesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, S. Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Via dell\u2019Amba Aradam 9, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorella","family":"Pallotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, S. Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Via dell\u2019Amba Aradam 9, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Fanello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, S. Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Via dell\u2019Amba Aradam 9, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Giovanna","family":"Graziani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, S. Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Via dell\u2019Amba Aradam 9, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Delle Fave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Onlus \u201cS. Andrea\u201d, 00199 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804647","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"361","author":"Abraham","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s1","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318484","article-title":"British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults","volume":"68","author":"Lamb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2017.1377180","article-title":"Primary and secondary nonresponse to infliximab: Mechanisms and countermeasures","volume":"13","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. 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