{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:11:25Z","timestamp":1760148685510,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Program to Support the Improvement of the Production Conditions of the SNI and SNCA Members (PRO-SNI) of the University of Guadalajara","award":["227303\/2022","408350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["227303\/2022","408350"]}]},{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. A.G.S.-L.","award":["227303\/2022","408350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["227303\/2022","408350"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 is the causal agent of COVID-19; the first report of SARS-CoV-2 infection was in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. This virus has since caused the largest pandemic in history, and the number of deaths and infections has been significant. Nevertheless, the development of vaccines has helped to reduce both deaths and infections. Comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, heart and lung diseases, and obesity have been identified as additional risk factors for infection and the progression of COVID-19. Additionally, latent toxoplasmosis has been reported to be a risk factor for acquiring COVID-19 in some studies, but other studies have suggested a negative association between these two infections. Furthermore, in patients after vaccination or with COVID-19 and coinfection, an increase in the lethality and mortality of toxoplasmosis has been observed. Therefore, the objective of the current study is to determine the association of toxoplasmosis with COVID-19 in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Serum samples from 384 patients previously diagnosed with COVID-19 using IgG antibodies against the S1\/S2 antigens of SARS-CoV-2 were collected. Subsequently, anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were analyzed with ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Version 20.0 frequencies, percentages, 2 \u00d7 2 tables, and the Pearson correlation coefficient. IgG and IgM anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were positive in 105\/384 (27.34%) and (26\/191) 13.6% of patients, respectively. The positivity for both infections was higher in patients aged &gt;40 years old. Subjects who were overweight or obese were mainly positive for both IgG antibodies against S1\/S2 SARS-CoV-2 and Toxoplasma antibodies. In conclusion, the coinfection rate was 21.7%. The prevalence of S1\/S2 SARS-CoV-2 was 308\/384 (80.2%), and the percentage of Toxoplasma antibodies was 27.34%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T02:01:15Z","timestamp":1685498475000},"page":"1441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Association of Toxoplasmosis and COVID-19 in a Mexican\r\nPopulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5581-4322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda de la Luz","family":"Galv\u00e1n-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3757-6209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel Gustavo","family":"Salas-Lais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1289-4457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Esteban","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7599-1046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa","family":"Fernandes-Matano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura Roc\u00edo Rodr\u00edguez","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Franco de Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa036","article-title":"Occupational risks for COVID-19 infection","volume":"70","author":"Koh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup. 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