{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T02:36:03Z","timestamp":1772678163261,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]],"date-time":"2023-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is the deadliest disease caused by a bacterial agent. Glucocorticoids (GCs) have a typical anti-inflammatory effect, but recently it has been shown that they can present proinflammatory activity, mainly by increasing molecules from innate immunity. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of low doses of dexamethasone on Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vivo and in vitro. We used an established mice model of progressing tuberculosis (TB) in the in vivo studies. Intratracheal or intranasal dexamethasone therapy administered with conventional antibiotics in the late stage of the disease decreased the lung bacilli load and lung pneumonia, and increased the survival of the animals. Finally, the treatment decreased the inflammatory response in the SNC and, therefore, sickness behavior and neurological abnormalities in the infected animals. In the in vitro experiments, we used a cell line of murine alveolar macrophages infected with Mtb. Low-dose dexamethasone treatment increased the clearance capacity of Mtb by MHS macrophages, MIP-1\u03b1, and TLR2 expression, decreased proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and induced apoptosis, a molecular process that contributes to the control of the mycobacteria. In conclusion, the administration of low doses of dexamethasone represents a promising adjuvant treatment for pulmonary TB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T01:28:21Z","timestamp":1686533301000},"page":"1554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of Low Doses of Dexamethasone on Experimental Pulmonary Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6635-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline V.","family":"Lara-Espinosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Patolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Dom\u00ednguez Secci\u00f3n 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Fernanda","family":"Arce-Aceves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Estudios en Tripasomiasis y Leishmaniasis, Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Barrios-Pay\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Patolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Dom\u00ednguez Secci\u00f3n 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dulce","family":"Mata-Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Patolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Dom\u00ednguez Secci\u00f3n 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasti","family":"Lozano-Ordaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Patolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Dom\u00ednguez Secci\u00f3n 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Becerril-Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Psicoinmunolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ramon de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz, Calzada M\u00e9xico-Xochimilco 101, Colonia, Huipulco, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"Ponce-Regalado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av Rafael Casillas Aceves 120, Tepatitl\u00e1n de Morelos 47620, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1292-3833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogelio","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Pando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Patolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Dom\u00ednguez Secci\u00f3n 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.02.012","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"26","author":"Koch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210079","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0079-2021","article-title":"The definition of tuberculosis infection based on the spectrum of tuberculosis disease","volume":"17","author":"Migliori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breathe"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022). 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