{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T10:12:33Z","timestamp":1773915153486,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak resulted in hundreds of millions of coronavirus cases, as well as millions of deaths worldwide. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease resulting from exposure to this pathogen, is characterized, among other features, by a pulmonary pathology, which can progress to \u201ccytokine storm\u201d, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), respiratory failure and death. Vaccines are the unsurpassed strategy for prevention and protection against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, there is still an extremely high number of severely ill people from at-risk populations. This may be attributed to waning immune response, variant-induced breakthrough infections, unvaccinated population, etc. It is therefore of high importance to utilize pharmacological-based treatments, despite the progression of the global vaccination campaign. Until the approval of Paxlovid, an efficient and highly selective anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug, and the broad-spectrum antiviral agent Lagevrio, many pharmacological-based countermeasures were, and still are, being evaluated in clinical trials. Some of these are host-directed therapies (HDTs), which modulate the endogenic response against the virus, and therefore may confer efficient protection against a wide array of pathogens. These could potentially include Biological Warfare Agents (BWAs), exposure to which may lead to mass casualties due to disease severity and a possible lack of efficient treatment. In this review, we assessed the recent literature on drugs under advanced clinical evaluation for COVID-19 with broad spectrum activity, including antiviral agents and HDTs, which may be relevant for future coping with BWAs, as well as with other agents, in particular respiratory infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T01:32:57Z","timestamp":1686792777000},"page":"1577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinically Evaluated COVID-19 Drugs with Therapeutic Potential for Biological Warfare Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ido-David","family":"Dechtman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, 62 Halochamim Street, Holon 5822012, Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Ankory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Israel Defense Force Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Military Post 02149, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keren","family":"Sokolinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Division, Ministry of Defense, HaKirya, Tel Aviv 61909, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Krasner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Division, Ministry of Defense, HaKirya, Tel Aviv 61909, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Libby","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Division, Ministry of Defense, HaKirya, Tel Aviv 61909, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoav","family":"Gal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Division, Ministry of Defense, HaKirya, Tel Aviv 61909, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05522-2","article-title":"The WHO estimates of excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"613","author":"Msemburi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26232","article-title":"The Cytokine Storm and COVID-19","volume":"93","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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