{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:42:16Z","timestamp":1791618136957,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, can cause serious infection of the central nervous system in humans, resulting in potential neurological complications and fatal outcomes. TBEV is primarily transmitted to humans through infected tick bites, and the viral agent circulates between ticks and animals, such as deer and small mammals. The occurrence of the infection aligns with the seasonal activity of ticks. As no specific antiviral therapy exists for TBEV infection, treatment approaches primarily focus on symptomatic relief and support. Active immunization is highly effective, especially for individuals in endemic areas. The burden of TBEV infections is increasing, posing a growing health concern. Reported incidence rates rose from 0.4 to 0.9 cases per 100,000 people between 2015 and 2020. The Baltic and Central European countries have the highest incidence, but TBE is endemic across a wide geographic area. Various factors, including social and environmental aspects, improved medical awareness, and advanced diagnostics, have contributed to the observed increase. Diagnosing TBEV infection can be challenging due to the non-specific nature of the initial symptoms and potential co-infections. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate management, prevention of complications, and effective control measures. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the molecular structure of TBEV, its transmission and circulation in natural environments, the pathogenesis of TBEV infection, the epidemiology and global distribution of the virus, associated risk factors, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic approaches. By improving understanding of these aspects, we aim to enhance knowledge and promote strategies for timely and accurate diagnosis, appropriate management, and the implementation of effective control measures against TBEV infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T01:54:56Z","timestamp":1687485296000},"page":"1634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Comprehensive Review of Transmission, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Prevention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9924-9364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emina","family":"Pustijanac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, 52100 Pula, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moira","family":"Bur\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, 52100 Pula, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5957-0807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasminka","family":"Talapko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1842-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"\u0160krlec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomislav","family":"Me\u0161trovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre Vara\u017edin, University North, 42000 Vara\u017edin, Croatia"},{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation and the Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dubravka","family":"Li\u0161nji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Van Regenmortel, M.H., Fauquet, C.M., Bishop, D.H.L., Carstens, E.B., Estes, M.K., Lemon, S.M., Maniloff, J., Mayo, M.A., McGeoch, D.J., and Pringle, C.R. (2000). Virus Taxonomy, Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses, Academic Press. Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60800-4","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"371","author":"Lindquist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i5.430","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management","volume":"3","author":"Bogovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214-e61","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13356","article-title":"EAN consensus review on prevention, diagnosis and management of tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"24","author":"Taba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8663","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01013-12","article-title":"Revisiting the clinal concept of evolution and dispersal for the tick-borne flaviviruses by using phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses","volume":"86","author":"Heinze","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.09.015","article-title":"Genetic characterization of tick-borne flaviviruses: New insights into evolution, pathogenetic determinants and taxonomy","volume":"361","author":"Grard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"53","article-title":"Characteristics of the Baikal subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus circulating in Eastern Siberia","volume":"3","author":"Kozlova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomed Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.09.014","article-title":"Reconsidering the classification of tick-borne encephalitis virus within the Siberian subtype gives new insights into its evolutionary history","volume":"55","author":"Kovalev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0081-6","article-title":"A new subtype of eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus discovered in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China","volume":"7","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"20299","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis joins the diseases under surveillance in the European Union","volume":"17","author":"Zeller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eurosurveilleillance"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"30318","article-title":"First human case of tick-borne encephalitis virus infection acquired in the Netherlands, July 2016","volume":"21","author":"Reimerink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02882-0","article-title":"Structure of tick-borne encephalitis virus and its neutralization by a monoclonal antibody","volume":"9","author":"Yoshii","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Knipe, D., and Howley, P. (2013). Fields Virology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.5.4.524-532.1970","article-title":"Physical and biological properties of dengue-2 virus and associated antigens","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00660-8","article-title":"Structure of dengue virus: Implications for flavivirus organization, maturation, and fusion","volume":"108","author":"Kuhn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089316","article-title":"Structure of West Nile Virus","volume":"302","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2463","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the mature dengue virus at 3.5-\u00c5 resolution","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf5316","article-title":"The 3.8 \u00c5 resolution cryo-EM structure of Zika virus","volume":"352","author":"Sirohi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Fields, B.N., Knipe, D.M., Chanock, R.M., Hirsch, M.S., Melnick, J.L., Monath, T.P., and Roizman, B. (1991). Replication of Togaviridae and Flaviviridae. V: Fundamental Virology, Raven Press, Ltd.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00820-4","article-title":"Molecular aspects of TBE virus research","volume":"21","author":"Heinz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8272","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00587-08","article-title":"Changing the protease specificity for activation of a Flavivirus, Tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"82","author":"Fischl","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(02)00206-1","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"57","author":"Gritsun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Knipe, D.M., and Howley, P.M. (2007). Fields Virology, Wolters Kluwer Health\/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.04.007","article-title":"Steps of the tick-borne encephalitis virus replication cycle that affect neuropathogenesis","volume":"111","author":"Mandl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulkkinen, L.I.A., Butcher, S.J., and Anastasina, M. (2018). Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Structural View. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10070350"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5480","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.11.5480-5491.2002","article-title":"Folding and dinerization of tick-borne encephalitis virus envelope proteins prM and E in the endoplasmic reticulum","volume":"76","author":"Lorenz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1067","article-title":"A structural perspective of the Flavivirus life cycle","volume":"3","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6471","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02120-06","article-title":"Functional requirements of the Yellow Fever Virus capsid protein","volume":"81","author":"Patkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3534","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.7.3534-3543.2002","article-title":"Capsid Protein C of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Tolerates Large Internal Deletions and Is a Favorable Target for Attenuation of Virulence","volume":"76","author":"Kofler","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8475","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.11.8475-8481.1997","article-title":"Proteolytic activation of tick-borne encephalitis virus by furin","volume":"71","author":"Stadler","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/375291a0","article-title":"The envelope glycoprotein from tick-borne encephalitis virus at 2 \u00c5 resolution","volume":"375","author":"Rey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(02)00097-1","article-title":"Role of heparan sulfate for attachment and entry of tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"308","author":"Kroschewski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7392","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.16.7392-7398.2001","article-title":"Role of metastability and acidic pH in membrane fusion by tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"75","author":"Stiasny","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.11.068","article-title":"Role of the N-linked glycans of the prM and E envelope proteins in tick-borne encephalitis virus particle secretion","volume":"23","author":"Goto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.055269-0","article-title":"N-linked glycan in tick-borne encephalitis virus envelope protein affects viral secretion in mammalian cells, but not in tick cells","volume":"94","author":"Yoshii","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2004.06.019","article-title":"Conformational changes of the flavivirus E glycoprotein","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4377","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02458-10","article-title":"The unique transmembrane hairpin of flavivirus fusion protein E is essential for membrane fusion","volume":"85","author":"Fritz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Knipe, D.M., and Howley, P.M. (2007). Fields Virology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0220","article-title":"Infectious cDNA clones of langat tick-borne flavivirus that differ from their parent in peripheral neurovirulence","volume":"269","author":"Campbell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5156","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.10.5156-5159.1990","article-title":"A single amino acid substitution in envelope protein E of tick-borne encephalitis virus leads to attenuation in the mouse model","volume":"64","author":"Holzmann","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-1-31","article-title":"Characterization of monoclonal antibody-escape mutants of tick-borne encephalitis virus with reduced neuroinvasiveness in mice","volume":"78","author":"Holzmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-74-5-931","article-title":"Single amino acid codon changes detected in louping ill virus antibody-resistant mutants with reduced neurovirulence","volume":"74","author":"Jiang","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9601","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.20.9601-9609.2000","article-title":"Attenuation of tick-borne encephalitis virus by structure-based site-specific mutagenesis of a putative flavivirus receptor binding site","volume":"74","author":"Mandl","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-11-2711","article-title":"The molecular basis of virulence of the encephalitogenic flaviviruses","volume":"78","author":"McMinn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4956","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.8.4956-4963.1993","article-title":"Chimeric tick-borne encephalitis and dengue type 4 viruses: Effects of mutations on neurovirulence in mice","volume":"67","author":"Pletnev","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-74-12-2653","article-title":"Molecular and biological characterization of a non-glycosylated isolate od St Louis encephalitis virus","volume":"74","author":"Vorndam","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1402.070457","article-title":"genetic determinants of virulence in pathogenic lineage 2 West Nile virus strains","volume":"14","author":"Botha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0307","article-title":"Immunolocalization of the Dengue Virus Nonstructural Glycoprotein NS1 Suggests a Role in Viral RNA Replication","volume":"220","author":"Mackenzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11403","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.17.11403-11411.2005","article-title":"The secreted form of dengue virus nonstructural protein NS1 is endocytosed by hepatocytes and accumulates in late endosomes: Implications for viral infectivity","volume":"79","author":"Drouet","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02411-14","article-title":"Structure of acidic pH dengue virus showing the fusogenic glycoprotein trimers","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)59002-9","article-title":"Molecular biology of flaviviruses","volume":"59","author":"Lindenbach","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12828","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.20.12828-12839.2005","article-title":"Inhibition of interferon-stimulated JAK-STAT signaling by a tick-borne flavivirus and identification of NS5 as an interferon antagonist","volume":"79","author":"Best","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.011437-0","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus\u2014A review of an emerging zoonosis","volume":"90","author":"Mansfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuu004","article-title":"Receptors and routes of dengue virus entry into the host cells","volume":"39","author":"Freire","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12019","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00300-07","article-title":"Characterization of the early events in dengue virus cell entry by biochemical assays and single-virus tracking","volume":"81","author":"Rust","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.170","article-title":"Rewiring cellular networks by members of the Flaviviridae family","volume":"16","author":"Neufeldt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13767","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01364-12","article-title":"Heparan sulfate facilitates Rift Valley fever virus entry into the cell","volume":"86","author":"Kortekaas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.12.012","article-title":"GAG-binding variants of tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"398","author":"Kozlovskaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Der Schaar, H.M., Rust, M.J., Chen, C., Van Der Ende-Metselaar, H., Wilschut, J., Zhuang, X., and Smit, J.M. (2008). Dissecting the cell entry pathway of dengue virus by single-particle tracking in living cells. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000244"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2009.01345.x","article-title":"Alternative infectious entry pathways for dengue virus serotypes into mammalian cells","volume":"11","author":"Acosta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-16-17","article-title":"Characterization of dengue virus entry into HepG2 cells","volume":"16","author":"Suksanpaisan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04389","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.04389","article-title":"Sequential conformational rearrangements in flavivirus membrane fusion","volume":"3","author":"Chao","year":"2014","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-009-0370-4","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of flavivirus membrane fusion","volume":"41","author":"Stiasny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1890","article-title":"Modification of intracellular membrane structures for virus replication","volume":"6","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153264","article-title":"Structure of the immature dengue virus at low pH primes proteolytic maturation","volume":"319","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12101","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01637-09","article-title":"Association of the pr peptides with dengue virus at acidic pH blocks membrane fusion","volume":"83","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.18723-0","article-title":"Cleavage of protein prM is necessary for infection of BHK-21 cells by tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"84","author":"Elshuber","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3877","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4877","article-title":"A toggle switch controls the low pH-triggered rearrangement and maturation of the dengue virus envelope proteins","volume":"5","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6365","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00447-16","article-title":"Membrane anchors of the structural flavivirus proteins and their role in virus assembly","volume":"90","author":"Blazevic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02633958","article-title":"Insect-transmitted vertebrate viruses: Flaviviridae","volume":"29","author":"Ludwig","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00251","article-title":"Ixodes ricinus and its transmitted pathogens in urban and peri-urban areas in Europe: New hazards and relevance for public health","volume":"2","author":"Rizzoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michelitsch, A., Wernike, K., Klaus, C., Dobler, G., and Beer, M. (2019). Exploring the Reservoir Hosts of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070669"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0236","article-title":"Rodents as sentinels for the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"11","author":"Achazi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahir, D., Meyer, L., Fourie, J., Jongejan, F., Mather, T., Choumet, V., Blagburn, B., Straubinger, R.K., and Varloud, M. (2020). Interrupted Blood Feeding in Ticks: Causes and Consequences. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060910"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermance, M.E., and Thangamani, S. (2018). Tick\u2013Virus\u2013Host Interactions at the Cutaneous Interface: The Nidus of Flavivirus Transmission. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10070362"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.08.005","article-title":"Transmission and evolution of tick-borne viruses","volume":"21","author":"Brackney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braks, M.A.H., van Wieren, S.E., Takken, W., and Sprong, H. (2016). Ecology and Prevention of Lyme Borreliosis, Wageningen Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.3920\/978-90-8686-838-4"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2010.10.007","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis 2010: Epidemiology, risk areas, and virus strains in Europe and Asia\u2014An overview","volume":"2","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.01.014","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and Russia: Review of pathogenesis, clinical features, therapy, and vaccines","volume":"164","author":"Ruzek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.69","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis in Japan, Republic of Korea and China: TBE in Japan, ROK and China","volume":"6","author":"Yoshii","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.04.019","article-title":"Ixodid ticks and tick-borne encephalitis virus prevalence in the South Asian part of Russia (Republic of Tuva)","volume":"10","author":"Kholodilov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.101268","article-title":"Hard ticks and tick-borne pathogens in Mongolia\u2014A review","volume":"10","author":"Buyannemekh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1007\/s11756-021-00845-3","article-title":"Ticks and their epidemiological role in Slovakia: From the past till present","volume":"77","author":"Stanko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-1","article-title":"Driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe","volume":"6","author":"Medlock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1702.101487","article-title":"European subtype tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes persulcatus ticks","volume":"17","author":"Tonteri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05410-8","article-title":"Predicting habitat suitability for Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks in Finland","volume":"15","author":"Uusitalo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101414","article-title":"Dermacentor reticulatus is a vector of tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"11","author":"Drexler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"8","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis\u2014A threat to life","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Younus","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Health Triad"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8622","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus transmission between ticks cofeeding on specific immune natural rodent hosts","volume":"235","author":"Labuda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.07.004","article-title":"Transmission of tick-borne pathogens between co-feeding ticks: Milan Labuda\u2019s enduring paradigm","volume":"2","author":"Randolph","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nah, K., Bede-Fazekas, \u00c1., Tr\u00e1jer, A.J., and Wu, J. (2020). The potential impact of climate change on the transmission risk of tick-borne encephalitis in Hungary. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4734-4"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2008.12.001","article-title":"Vertical transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus between generations of adapted reservoir small rodents","volume":"140","author":"Bakhvalova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bournez, L., Umhang, G., Moinet, M., Boucher, J.-M., Demerson, J.-M., Caillot, C., Legras, L., Devillers, E., Hansmann, Y., and Velay, A. (2020). Disappearance of TBEV Circulation among Rodents in a Natural Focus in Alsace, Eastern France. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9110930"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04493-5","article-title":"Migratory birds as disseminators of ticks and the tick-borne pathogens Borrelia bacteria and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus: A seasonal study at Ottenby Bird Observatory in South-eastern Sweden","volume":"13","author":"Wilhelmsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.34.2.2371","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"34","author":"Valarcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01923553","article-title":"Non-viraemic transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus: A mechanism for arbovirus survival in nature","volume":"49","author":"Labuda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.12.005","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis incidence in Central and Eastern Europe: Consequences of political transition","volume":"10","author":"Randolph","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2022.104003","article-title":"Method for tick-borne encephalitis virus detection in raw milk products","volume":"104","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wondim, M.A., Czupryna, P., Pancewicz, S., Kruszewska, E., Groth, M., and Moniuszko-Malinowska, A. (2022). Epidemiological Trends of Trans-Boundary Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Europe, 2000\u20132019. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060704"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"3","article-title":"The role of particular tick developmental stages in the circulation of tick-borne pathogens affecting humans in Central Europe. 2. Tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"62","author":"Karbowiak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buczek, A.M., Buczek, W., Buczek, A., and Wysoki\u0144ska-Miszczuk, J. (2022). Food-Borne Transmission of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus\u2014Spread, Consequences, and Prophylaxis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031812"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.03.005","article-title":"Viral Infections in Workers in Hospital and Research Laboratory Settings: A Comparative Review of Infection Modes and Respective Biosafety Aspects","volume":"15","author":"Pedrosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2805.212457","article-title":"Breast Milk as Route of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Transmission from Mother to Infant","volume":"28","author":"Kerlik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11756-021-00966-9","article-title":"Prevention of Tick-Borne Diseases: Challenge to Recent Medicine","volume":"77","author":"Furka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.068411-0","article-title":"Infection and Injury of Human Astrocytes by Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus","volume":"95","author":"Palus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846884","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.846884","article-title":"Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick Interface","volume":"13","author":"Maqbool","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0081822","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00818-22","article-title":"Identification of Host Factors Differentially Induced by Clinically Diverse Strains of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus","volume":"96","author":"Goonawardane","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stone, E.T., and Pinto, A.K. (2023). T Cells in Tick-Borne Flavivirus Encephalitis: A Review of Current Paradigms in Protection and Disease Pathology. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040958"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01756-x","article-title":"Pathological Modeling of TBEV Infection Reveals Differential Innate Immune Responses in Human Neurons and Astrocytes That Correlate with Their Susceptibility to Infection","volume":"17","author":"Fares","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2022.05.052","article-title":"Integrative RNA Profiling of TBEV-Infected Neurons and Astrocytes Reveals Potential Pathogenic Effectors","volume":"20","author":"Selinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, E., Koopmans, M., and Rockx, B. (2022). A Journey to the Central Nervous System: Routes of Flaviviral Neuroinvasion in Human Disease. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102096"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vries, L., and Harding, A.T. (2023). Mechanisms of Neuroinvasion and Neuropathogenesis by Pathologic Flaviviruses. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020261"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24923","article-title":"Sequential MAVS and MyD88\/TRIF Signaling Triggers Anti-viral Responses of Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus-infected Murine Astrocytes","volume":"99","author":"Ghita","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jorga\u010devski, J., and Potokar, M. (2023). Immune Functions of Astrocytes in Viral Neuroinfections. IJMS, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043514"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02172","article-title":"Lethal Experimental Tick-Borne Encephalitis Infection: Influence of Two Strains with Similar Virulence on the Immune Response","volume":"7","author":"Shevtsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.02.001","article-title":"New Advances in Immune Components Mediating Viral Control in the CNS","volume":"47","author":"Vincenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubinski, M., Beicht, J., Gerlach, T., Volz, A., Sutter, G., and Rimmelzwaan, G.F. (2020). Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Quest for Better Vaccines against a Virus on the Rise. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030451"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02174","article-title":"Cell-Mediated Immune Responses and Immunopathogenesis of Human Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus-Infection","volume":"9","author":"Blom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2020.02.015","article-title":"Dendritic Cell Development in Infection","volume":"121","author":"Bieber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, M., Underwood, J., and Oliva Ch\u00e1vez, A.S. (2021). Changing the Recipe: Pathogen Directed Changes in Tick Saliva Components. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041806"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blisnick, A., \u0160imo, L., Grillon, C., Fasani, F., Br\u00fbl\u00e9, S., Le Bonniec, B., Prina, E., Marsot, M., Relmy, A., and Blaise-Boisseau, S. (2019). The Immunomodulatory Effect of IrSPI, a Tick Salivary Gland Serine Protease Inhibitor Involved in Ixodes Ricinus Tick Feeding. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.1101\/705921"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petry, M., Palus, M., Leitzen, E., Mitterreiter, J.G., Huang, B., Kr\u00f6ger, A., Verjans, G.M.G.M., Baumg\u00e4rtner, W., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., and R\u016f\u017eek, D. (2021). Immunity to TBEV Related Flaviviruses with Reduced Pathogenicity Protects Mice from Disease but Not from TBEV Entry into the CNS. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.11.426200"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogovi\u010d, P., Lotri\u010d-Furlan, S., Av\u0161i\u010d-\u017dupanc, T., Korva, M., Lusa, L., Strle, K., and Strle, F. (2021). Low Virus-Specific IgG Antibodies in Adverse Clinical Course and Outcome of Tick-Borne Encephalitis. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020332"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0168221","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01682-21","article-title":"Powassan Viruses Spread Cell to Cell during Direct Isolation from Ixodes Ticks and Persistently Infect Human Brain Endothelial Cells and Pericytes","volume":"96","author":"Conde","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potokar, M., Jorga\u010devski, J., and Zorec, R. (2019). Astrocytes in Flavivirus Infections. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030691"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li\u010dkov\u00e1, M., Fuma\u010dov\u00e1 Havl\u00edkov\u00e1, S., Sl\u00e1vikov\u00e1, M., and Klempa, B. (2021). Alimentary Infections by Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010056"},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"ECDC (2022). Tick-Borne Encephalitis, ECDC. Annual Epidemiological Report for 2020."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-012-0100-5","article-title":"Epidemiology and distribution of tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"162","author":"Dobler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wien. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.308794","article-title":"Geographic distribution of Tick-borne encephalitis virus complex","volume":"57","author":"Im","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vector Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2023.01.005","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis in pediatrics: An often overlooked diagnosis","volume":"53","author":"Parfut","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Now"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900658","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.47.1900658","article-title":"Detection of new endemic focus of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Hampshire\/Dorset border, England, September 2019","volume":"24","author":"Holding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2008.00755.x","article-title":"Molecular evidence for tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks in South Korea","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.12.001","article-title":"The long-term outcome of tick-borne encephalitis in Central Europe","volume":"9","author":"Stupica","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.06.001","article-title":"Influence of climatic factors on dynamics of questing Ixodes ricinus ticks in Slovenia","volume":"164","author":"Knap","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0054","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in Slovenia","volume":"11","author":"Knap","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"393","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus: Epidemiological and clinical picture, diagnosis and prevention","volume":"68","author":"Pandak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Medica Croat."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"001492","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"71","author":"Phipps","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2810.220498","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Foodborne Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Europe, 1980\u20132021","volume":"28","author":"Elbaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101486","article-title":"Investigating novel approaches to tick-borne encephalitis surveillance in Sweden, 2010\u20132017","volume":"11","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckz059","article-title":"Transnational exchange of surveillance data reveals previously unrecognized TBEV microfocus","volume":"29","author":"Ocias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593232","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/593232","article-title":"Effects of Climate Change on Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Europe","volume":"2009","author":"Gray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"61","article-title":"Global Warming, Climate Change and the Effect on Ticks and Tick borne Pathogens","volume":"28","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infektolo\u0161ki. Glas."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"taw018","article-title":"Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in international travellers to Western\/Central Europe and conclusions on vaccination recommendations","volume":"23","author":"Steffen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.101972","article-title":"The epidemiology of infectious diseases in Europe in 2020 versus 2017\u20132019 and the rise of tick-borne encephalitis (1995\u20132020)","volume":"13","author":"Jenkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"e2021229","article-title":"Epidemiology of Tick-borne encephalitis in North-Eastern Italy (2017\u20132020): International insights from national notification reports","volume":"92","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Bio-Medica"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taaa180","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa180","article-title":"Travel restrictions and lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014Impact on notified infectious diseases in Switzerland","volume":"27","author":"Steffen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100103","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated non-pharmaceutical interventions on other notifiable infectious diseases in Germany: An analysis of national surveillance data during week 1\u20132016\u2014Week 32\u20132020","volume":"6","author":"Ullrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Heal. Eur."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.32394\/pe.75.08","article-title":"Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis in Poland (2010\u20132019) and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the notified incidence of the disease","volume":"75","author":"Sulik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Przegl. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-016-0917-8","article-title":"An outbreak of tick-borne encephalitis associated with raw goat milk and cheese consumption, Croatia, 2015","volume":"44","author":"Kniewald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"167","article-title":"Infectious diseases in Croatia in 2009","volume":"30","author":"Aleraj","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infektolo\u0161ki Glas"},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"509","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis in eastern Croatia. Scand","volume":"30","author":"Soldo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.11.016","article-title":"Detection and genetic characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) derived from ticks removed from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and isolated from spleen samples of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Croatia","volume":"5","author":"Janicki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_153","unstructured":"Stevanovi\u0107, E., Capak, K., Benjak, T., and Brki\u0107, K. (2022). Croatian Health Statistics Yearbook 2021, Croatian Institute of Public Health."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(99)80007-3","article-title":"Some epidemiological data on TBE and Lyme borreliosis in Croatia","volume":"289","author":"Kralj","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zent. Fur Bakteriol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101513","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis outbreak following raw goat milk consumption in a new micro-location, Croatia, June 2019","volume":"11","author":"Ilic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"Bennet, J.E., Dolin, R., and Blaser, M.J. (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Elsevier Saunders."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030476","article-title":"Flavivirus Encephalitis","volume":"351","author":"Solomon","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"WHO (2011). Vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis: WHO position paper. WklyEpidemiol. Rec., 86, 241\u2013256."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2018.10.003","article-title":"Factors associated with severity of tick-borne encephalitis: A prospective observatioanl study","volume":"26","author":"Lusa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Bar\u0161i\u0107, B. (2019). Begovac i sur., ur. Klini\u010dka Infektologija, Medicinska Naklada."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"55","article-title":"Infekcija virusom krpeljnog meningoencefalitisa","volume":"218","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lije\u010dni\u010dke Novine"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-012-0105-0","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis: Clinical findings and prognosis in adults","volume":"162","author":"Kaiser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wien. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.11.014","article-title":"Managament of suspected viral encephalitis in adults-Association of British Neurologists and British Infection Association National Guidelines","volume":"64","author":"Solomon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"347","article-title":"Hepatitis caused by tick-borne meningoencephalitis virus (TBEV)\u2014A rare clinical manifestation outside the central nervous system involvement","volume":"59","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Med. Croatica"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-012-0119-7","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis: Still a serious disease?","volume":"162","author":"Kaiser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wien. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"111","article-title":"An abortive type of tick-borne meningoencephalitis","volume":"57","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Med. Croatica"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofx204","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx204","article-title":"Two Cases of Severe Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Rituximab-Treated Patients in Germany: Implications for Diagnosis and Prevention","volume":"4","author":"Steininger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u016f\u017eek, D., Dobler, G., and Niller, H.H. (2013). May early intervention with high dose intravenous immunoglobulin pose a potentially successful treatment for severe cases of tick- borne encephalitis?. BMC Infect. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-306"},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"855","article-title":"Fatal outcome of tick-borne encephalitis in two patients with rheumatic disease treated with rituximab","volume":"56","author":"Knight","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac766","article-title":"Severe Arboviral Neuroinvasive Disease in Patients on Rituximab Therapy: A Review","volume":"76","author":"Kapadia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofv136","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv136","article-title":"West Nile Virus Central Nervous System Infection in Patients Treated With Rituximab: Implications for Diagnosis and Prognosis, With a Review of Literature","volume":"2","author":"Morjaria","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577639","article-title":"Enterovirus A71 causing meningoencephalitis and acute flaccid myelitis in patient receiving rituximab","volume":"358","author":"Kapadia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.4.2578-2586.2003","article-title":"B cells and antibody play critical roles in the immediate defense of disseminated infection by West Nile encephalitis virus","volume":"77","author":"Diamond","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix040","article-title":"A cluster of fatal tick-borne encephali-tis virus infection in organ transplant setting","volume":"215","author":"Lipowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10494-w","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intravenous imunoglobulins for the treatment of viral encephalitis: A systemic literature review","volume":"269","author":"Wagner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rayamajhi, A., Nightingale, S., Bhatta, N.K., Singh, R., Ledger, E., Bista, K.P., and Solomon, T. (2015). A Preliminary Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Japanese Encephalitis in Nepal. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122608"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ1005","article-title":"Emerging Cases of Powassan Virus Encephalitis in New England: Clinical Presentation, Imaging, and Review of the Literature","volume":"62","author":"Piantadosi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e929952","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.929952","article-title":"Double Trouble\u201d: Severe Meningoencephalitis Due to Borrelia burgdorferi and Powassan Virus Co-Infection Successfully Treated with Intravenous Immunoglobulin","volume":"22","author":"Dumic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunze, M., Banovi\u0107, P., Bogovi\u010d, P., Briciu, V., \u010civljak, R., Dobler, G., Hristea, A., Kerlik, J., Kuivanen, S., and Kyn\u010dl, J. (2022). Recommendations to Improve Tick-borne encephalitis Surveillance and Vaccine Uptake in Europe. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071283"},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"121","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis in Professionally Exposed Persons after Complete Primary Vaccination","volume":"38","author":"Sabadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infektolo\u0161ki Glas"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00813-7","article-title":"TBE vaccination and the Austrian experience","volume":"21","author":"Kunz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12625","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis in patients vaccinated against this disease","volume":"282","author":"Lusa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2802.211661","article-title":"Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics and Outcome of Illness Caused by Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus without Central Nervous System Involvement","volume":"28","author":"Kastrin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2019.09.009","article-title":"An evaluation of serological methods to diagnose tick-borne encephalitis from serum and cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"120","author":"Reusken","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_185","unstructured":"(2023, May 17). ECDC Meeting Report 2011 Second Expert Consultation on Tick-Borne Diseases with Emphasis on Lyme borreliosis and Tick-Borne Encephalitis. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/en\/publications\/Publications\/Tick-borne-diseases-meeting-report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975398","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.975398","article-title":"Serological cross-reactivity among common flaviviruses","volume":"12","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00819-8","article-title":"Diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"21","author":"Holzmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.09.069","article-title":"Characteristics of antibody responses in tick-borne encephalitis vaccination breakthroughs","volume":"27","author":"Stiasny","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.02.001","article-title":"Vaccine failures after active immunisation against tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"28","author":"Andersson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.01022.x","article-title":"Tick-borne virus diseases of human interest in Europe","volume":"10","author":"Charrel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.07.014","article-title":"The importance of tick-borne encephalitis virus RNA detection for early differential diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"33","author":"Saksida","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-022-09535-y","article-title":"Comparison of Extraction Methods for the Detection of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus RNA in Goat Raw Milk and Cream Cheese","volume":"15","author":"Althof","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01517.x","article-title":"Virus detection in questing ticks is not a sensitive indicator for risk assessment of tick-borne encephalitis in humans","volume":"60","author":"Stefanoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s150100050051","article-title":"Laboratory findings in tick-borne encephalitis--correlation with clinical outcome","volume":"28","author":"Kaiser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stupica, D., Strle, F., Av\u0161i\u010d-\u017dupanc, T., Logar, M., Pe\u010davar, B., and Bajrovi\u0107, F.F. (2014). Tick borne encephalitis without cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. BMC Infect. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0614-0"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gudowska-Sawczuk, M., and Mroczko, B. (2021). Selected Biomarkers of Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910615"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogovi\u010d, P., Lusa, L., Korva, M., Pavleti\u010d, M., Rus, K.R., Lotri\u010d-Furlan, S., Av\u0161i\u010d-\u017dupanc, T., Strle, K., and Strle, F. (2019). Inflammatory Immune Responses in the Pathogenesis of Tick-Borne Encephalitis. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050731"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.023","article-title":"Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid CXCL13 concentrations and lymphocyte subsets in tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"93","author":"Toczylowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zidovec-Lepej, S., Vilibic-Cavlek, T., Ilic, M., Gorenec, L., Grgic, I., Bogdanic, M., Radmanic, L., Ferenc, T., Sabadi, D., and Savic, V. (2022). Quantification of Antiviral Cytokines in Serum, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Urine of Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Croatia. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111825"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schley, K., Friedrich, J., Pilz, A., Huang, L., Balkaran, B.L., Maculaitis, M.C., and Malerczyk, C. (2023). Evaluation of under-testing and under-diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis in Germany. BMC Infect. Dis., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08101-6"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2017.09.004","article-title":"Tick-borne infections and co-infections in patients with non-specific symptoms in Poland","volume":"63","author":"Dunaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Med Sci."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyer, P.H., Lenormand, C., Jaulhac, B., and Talagrand-Reboul, E. (2022). Human Co-Infections between Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and Other Ixodes-Borne Microorganisms: A Systematic Review. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030282"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/7\/1634\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:58:43Z","timestamp":1760126323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/7\/1634"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"references-count":202,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11071634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11071634","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]}}}