{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:15:18Z","timestamp":1784697318253,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008385","name":"Italian Cystic Fibrosis research foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FFC#13\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFC#13\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008385","name":"Italian Cystic Fibrosis research foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECS00000017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS00000017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008385","name":"Italian Cystic Fibrosis research foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CUP I53C22000780001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP I53C22000780001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PNRR THE\u2014Tuscany Health Ecosystem; Spoke 7\u2014Innovating Translational Medicine- Sub-project 5\u2014Innovative models for management of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria","award":["FFC#13\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFC#13\/2021"]}]},{"name":"PNRR THE\u2014Tuscany Health Ecosystem; Spoke 7\u2014Innovating Translational Medicine- Sub-project 5\u2014Innovative models for management of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria","award":["ECS00000017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS00000017"]}]},{"name":"PNRR THE\u2014Tuscany Health Ecosystem; Spoke 7\u2014Innovating Translational Medicine- Sub-project 5\u2014Innovative models for management of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria","award":["CUP I53C22000780001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP I53C22000780001"]}]},{"name":"Italian Cystic Fibrosis research foundation","award":["FFC#13\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFC#13\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Italian Cystic Fibrosis research foundation","award":["ECS00000017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS00000017"]}]},{"name":"Italian Cystic Fibrosis research foundation","award":["CUP I53C22000780001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP I53C22000780001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The field of probiotic applications is rapidly expanding, including their use for the control of respiratory tract infections. Nevertheless, probiotics ability to colonize the lung environment and to compete with pulmonary pathogens is still a poorly investigated research area. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the adhesion ability of a number of commercial probiotic strains to the human lung epithelial cell line A549. Furthermore, we assessed probiotic ability to prevent host cell adhesion of one of the major lung pathogens in cystic fibrosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and to reduce the pathogen-induced inflammatory response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in terms of cytokine release. Lactobacillus acidophilus displayed the highest adhesion ability to A549 cells evaluated as percent of adhered bacteria compared to the inoculum. In agreement with such an observation, L. acidophilus was the most efficient in preventing adhesion to A549 cells of a P. aeruginosa isolate from CF sputum. Three-color fluorescence labeling of A549 cells, P. aeruginosa, and L. acidophilus, and confocal microcopy image analyses revealed a likely exclusion effect played by both live and UV-killed L. acidophilus towards P. aeruginosa. Such results were confirmed by CFU count. When co-cultured with PBMCs, both live and UV-killed L. acidophilus reduced the amount of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 in culture supernatants in a statistically significant manner. Overall, the results obtained point to L. acidophilus as an interesting candidate for further studies for a potential aerogenous administration to control P. aeruginosa infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:51:06Z","timestamp":1688086266000},"page":"1707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Lactobacillus Probiotic Strains Differ in Their Ability to Adhere to Human Lung Epithelial Cells and to Prevent Adhesion of Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Cystic Fibrosis Lung"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4448-2385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Batoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esing\u00fcl","family":"Kaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Catelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Quinti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis Supporting Service, Azienda USL Toscana Nord-Ovest, 57128 Livorno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Botti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis Supporting Service, Azienda USL Toscana Nord-Ovest, 57128 Livorno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5022-4764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"De Carli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppantonio","family":"Maisetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4358-5294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Semih","family":"Esin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S164","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1121","article-title":"Probiotics in Disease Prevention and Treatment","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youssef, M., Ahmed, H.Y., Zongo, A., Korin, A., Zhan, F., Hady, E., Umair, M., Shahid Riaz Rajoka, M., Xiong, Y., and Li, B. (2021). Probiotic Supplements: Their Strategies in the Therapeutic and Prophylactic of Human Life-Threatening Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011290"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, T., Lei, A., Zhang, N., and Zhu, C. (2022). The Beneficial Role of Probiotic Lactobacillus in Respiratory Diseases. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.908010"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-64.11.1768","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus casei and Yogurt Administration on Prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in Young Mice","volume":"64","author":"Alvarez","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.6.1462","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei Improves Resistance to Pneumococcal Respiratory Infection in Malnourished Mice","volume":"135","author":"Villena","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R69","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6907","article-title":"Oral Probiotic and Prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study in Intensive Care Unit Patients","volume":"12","author":"Forestier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3694-4","article-title":"Probiotic Prophylaxis to Prevent Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) in Children on Mechanical Ventilation: An Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"41","author":"Banupriya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahab, S., Almaghaslah, D., Mahmood, S.E., Ahmad, M.F., Alsayegh, A.A., Abu Haddash, Y.M., Rahman, M.A., Ahamd, I., Ahmad, W., and Khalid, M. (2022). Pharmacological Efficacy of Probiotics in Respiratory Viral Infections: A Comprehensive Review. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12081292"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2022024","article-title":"Probiotics for Immunomodulation in Prevention against Respiratory Viral Infections with Special Emphasis on COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Amrouche","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0679","article-title":"Lack of Efficacy of Probiotics in Preventing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Probiotics for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"142","author":"Gu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.13355","article-title":"Effect of Probiotics on Incident Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"326","author":"Johnstone","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S150","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201503-133AW","article-title":"The Gut-Lung Axis in Respiratory Disease","volume":"12","author":"Marsland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34101-2","article-title":"Gut to Lung Translocation and Antibiotic Mediated Selection Shape the Dynamics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an ICU Patient","volume":"13","author":"Wheatley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00251-12","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00251-12","article-title":"Serial Analysis of the Gut and Respiratory Microbiome in Cystic Fibrosis in Infancy: Interaction between Intestinal and Respiratory Tracts and Impact of Nutritional Exposures","volume":"3","author":"Madan","year":"2012","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ensinck, M.M., and Carlon, M.S. (2022). One Size Does Not Fit All: The Past, Present and Future of Cystic Fibrosis Causal Therapies. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11121868"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.2.194-222.2002","article-title":"Lung Infections Associated with Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"Lyczak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2022.10.005","article-title":"New Concepts in Antimicrobial Resistance in Cystic Fibrosis Respiratory Infections","volume":"21","author":"Drevinek","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cyst. Fibros."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, S., Testa, I., Mariotti Zani, E., Cunico, D., Torelli, L., Grandinetti, R., Fainardi, V., Pisi, G., and Principi, N. (2022). Probiotics Administration in Cystic Fibrosis: What Is the Evidence?. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153160"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batoni, G., Maisetta, G., Kaya, E., and Esin, S. (2022). Lung-Directed Bacteriotherapy in Cystic Fibrosis: Could It Be an Option?. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11030326"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuevas-Gonz\u00e1lez, P.F., Liceaga, A.M., and Aguilar-Toal\u00e1, J.E. (2020). Postbiotics and Paraprobiotics: From Concepts to Applications. Food Res. Int., 136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109502"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaya, E., Batoni, P., Di Luca, M., Apolloni, E., Mazzoni, A., Maisetta, G., and Esin, S. (2021). Planktonic and Biofilm-Associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis Elicit Differential Human Peripheral Blood Cell Responses. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091846"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2022.06.008","article-title":"Novel Approaches to Multidrug-Resistant Infections in Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"43","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-09978-7","article-title":"Adhesion Mechanisms Mediated by Probiotics and Prebiotics and Their Potential Impact on Human Health","volume":"103","author":"Rastall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-022-02889-8","article-title":"Adhesion and Aggregation Properties of Lactobacillaceae Strains as Protection Ways against Enteropathogenic Bacteria","volume":"204","author":"Tyski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-020-09659-2","article-title":"Probiotic Properties of Lactobacilli and Their Ability to Inhibit the Adhesion of Enteropathogenic Bacteria to Caco-2 and HT-29 Cells","volume":"13","author":"Fonseca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alizadeh Behbahani, B., Noshad, M., and Falah, F. (2019). Inhibition of Escherichia coli Adhesion to Human Intestinal Caco-2 cells by Probiotic Candidate Lactobacillus plantarum Strain L15. Microb. Pathog., 136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103677"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20160221","article-title":"Motility and Adhesion through Type IV Pili in Gram-Positive Bacteria","volume":"44","author":"Piepenbrink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07047-11","article-title":"Characterization of the SpaCBA Pilus Fibers in the Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG","volume":"78","author":"Reunanen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04306.x","article-title":"Effect of Growth Time on the Surface and Adhesion Properties of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG","volume":"107","author":"Deepika","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2002). Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food, FAO\/WHO Working Group. Report of a Joint FAO\/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Constantino-Teles, P., Jouault, A., Touqui, L., and Saliba, A.M. (2022). Role of Host and Bacterial Lipids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Respiratory Infections. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.931027"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20665","article-title":"Approach to Eradication of Initial Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in Children with Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"42","author":"Treggiari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2008.01.002","article-title":"Airway Epithelial Control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"14","author":"Gadjeva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2010.00693.x","article-title":"Cellular Responses of A549 Alveolar Epithelial Cells to Serially Collected Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Cystic Fibrosis Patients at Different Stages of Pulmonary Infection","volume":"59","author":"Hawdon","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13649","article-title":"Exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. Bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 Prevent Influenza Virus Infection and Attenuate Secondary Bacterial Infection Risk","volume":"74","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.1.3.12127","article-title":"Safety Assessment of Probiotics for Human Use","volume":"1","author":"Sanders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2011-0399RT","article-title":"Immune Responses in Cystic Fibrosis: Are They Intrinsically Defective?","volume":"46","author":"Ratner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01426-w","article-title":"Postbiotics-Parabiotics: The New Horizons in Microbial Biotherapy and Functional Foods","volume":"19","author":"Nataraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1911.11019","article-title":"Potential Health-Promoting Benefits of Paraprobiotics, Inactivated Probiotic Cells","volume":"30","author":"Akter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/7\/1707\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:03:15Z","timestamp":1760126595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/7\/1707"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11071707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11071707","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]}}}