{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:37:34Z","timestamp":1792805854221,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minciencias (Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innvaci\u00f3n, Gobierno de Colombia)","award":["777-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["777-2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/037vpds53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Universidad de Antioquia","award":["777-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["777-2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03bp5hc83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the universal vaccination program, there are still regions and territories with a high prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus infection (HBV), such as the Amazon basin, where several indigenous communities live. Additionally, Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) is a defective that requires the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) for the assembly and release of de novo viral particles. Therefore, hepatitis D could be the result of HBV\/HDV coinfection or HDV superinfection in individuals with chronic hepatitis B. Among the high prevalence HDV populations are indigenous communities of America. This study aims to describe and characterize the frequency of HBV and HDV infection, viral genotypes and HBV immune escape mutants in indigenous populations from different regions of Colombia. The diagnosis of hepatitis B and hepatitis D was confirmed by serological markers. Moreover, the HBV and HDV genome were amplified by PCR and RT-PCR, respectively, and, subsequently, the phylogenetic analysis was performed. We characterized 47 cases of chronic hepatitis B, 1 case of reactivation and 2 cases of occult hepatitis B infection (OBI). Furthermore, a high prevalence of HDV infection was identified in the study population (29.33%, 22\/75) and the circulation of several HBV genotypes and subgenotypes (F1b, F3, F4, and D). Interestingly, this is the first report of the HDV genotype I circulation in this country. These findings demonstrated that HBV and HDV infections are still public health problems in indigenous communities in Colombia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T08:25:05Z","timestamp":1688545505000},"page":"1739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection in Indigenous Communities in Colombia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7536-2194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Montoya-Guzman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Gastrohepatolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Epidemiolog\u00eda, Facultad Nacional de Salud P\u00fablica, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7322-5970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Castro-Arroyave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Estudio en Pedagog\u00eda, Infancia y Desarrollo Humano (GEPIDH), Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Epidemiolog\u00eda, Facultad Nacional de Salud P\u00fablica, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2610-9306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Cristina","family":"Navas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Gastrohepatolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.07.006","article-title":"Mechanisms of Hepatitis B Virus Persistence","volume":"26","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2019). 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