{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:06:19Z","timestamp":1791986779415,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAPDF)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increased meat and egg production leads to concomitant changes in poultry practices, including the indiscriminate use of formaldehyde to sanitize hatching eggs. Although this sanitizer aids in the increase in poultry production, its toxic potential for man and for avian embryos represents an obstacle to its long-term use. This review assesses whether essential oils fit into the context of hatching egg contamination, reviewing their antimicrobial efficiency, toxicity to poultry embryos and chicks, and their sanitizing effects on poultry production parameters. Studies have indicated that, because they are safer, most of the essential oils studied can be a potential substitute for formaldehyde for minimizing microbial exposure of hatching eggs and embryos. However, complementary studies on the microbiological profile of embryos and chicks hatched from eggs sanitized with essential oils need to be carried out and the economic feasibility of the candidate products should also be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T01:50:37Z","timestamp":1690422637000},"page":"1890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Sanitizing Hatching Eggs with Essential Oils: Avian and Microbiological Safety"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2948-6652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel da Silva","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concepta","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Viviane","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Poultry Science, Federal Institute of Brasilia\u2014Campus Planaltina, Brasilia 73380-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1237-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davi Emanuel Ribeiro","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7327-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel Luana","family":"de Mac\u00eado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3996-0856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcio Botelho de","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1249-0230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vin\u00edcius Machado dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Poultry Science, Federal Institute of Brasilia\u2014Campus Planaltina, Brasilia 73380-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985820960127","article-title":"Bacterial Infection in Chicken Embryos and Consequences of Yolk Sac Constitution for Embryo Survival","volume":"58","author":"Rezaee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3329\/bmrcb.v41i2.29983","article-title":"Detection of Potential Pathogenic Aerobic Bacteria from Egg Shell and Egg Contents of Hen Collected from Poultry","volume":"41","author":"Fardows","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bangladesh Med. Res. Counc. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, G.d.S., McManus, C., Salgado, C.B., and dos Santos, V.M. (2022). Effects of Sanitizers on Microbiological Control of Hatching Eggshells and Poultry Health during Embryogenesis and Early Stages after Hatching in the Last Decade. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12202826"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, W.A.G., and Albino, L.F.T. (2011). Incuba\u00e7\u00e3o Comercial [Commercial Incubation], Transworld Research Network."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2021.1959276","article-title":"Essential Oils as Sanitisers for Hatching Eggs","volume":"77","author":"Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Worlds Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2022.2003173","article-title":"Propolis: Effects on the Sanitisation of Hatching Eggs","volume":"78","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Worlds Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2022.2105275","article-title":"Garlic as Active Principle of Sanitiser for Hatching Eggs","volume":"78","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Worlds Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"88","article-title":"Bacteriological Study of Dead-in-Shell Embryos of Ostrich","volume":"11","author":"Jahantigh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iran J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2011.577056","article-title":"Transfer, Viability and Colonisation of Campylobacter jejuni in the Chicken Vitellus and in Embryos","volume":"52","author":"Fonseca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Hincke, M., Gautron, J., Rodriguez-Navarro, A.B., and McKee, M.D. (2011). Improving the Safety and Quality of Eggs and Egg Products: Egg Chemistry, Production and Consumption, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-44-11387","article-title":"Infection of the Developing Chick Embryo with Dysentery Bacilli","volume":"44","author":"Weil","year":"1940","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.15312\/EurasianJVetSci.201415909","article-title":"Aspergillus Species Associated with Dead-in-Shell Chick Embryo in Some Hatcheries in Northwest Nigeria","volume":"30","author":"Kwanashie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurasian J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"403","article-title":"Embryotoxic and Histopathological Investigations of In-Ovo Inoculation of Aflatoxigenic Fungal Extracts in Chicken Embryos","volume":"35","author":"Saleemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/23144599.2019.1698145","article-title":"Non-Viable Chicken Embryos: An Overlooked Niche Harbouring a Significant Source of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria in the Poultry Production","volume":"8","author":"Karunarathna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.22358\/jafs\/66602\/2008","article-title":"Bacterial Microflora of the Chicken Embryos and Newly Hatched Chicken","volume":"17","author":"Binek","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Feed Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1637\/11678-052317-Reg.1","article-title":"Increased Incidence of Enterococcal Infection in Nonviable Broiler Chicken Embryos in Western Canadian Hatcheries as Detected by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption\/Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry","volume":"61","author":"Karunarathna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Avian. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3329\/bvet.v29i2.14344","article-title":"Characterization of Bacteria Associated with Omphalitis in Chicks","volume":"29","author":"Nasrin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bangladesh Vet."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"5","article-title":"A Study On Bacterial Contamination of Dead in Shell Chicken Embryos and Culled One Day Old Chicks","volume":"7","author":"Amer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"169","article-title":"Bacterial Contamination of Dead-in-Shell Embryos in Ostrich Hatcheries and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Isolated Escherichia coli","volume":"7","author":"Far","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.01.070","article-title":"Recent Updates on the Chemistry, Bioactivities, Mode of Action, and Industrial Applications of Plant Essential Oils","volume":"110","author":"Ni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.07.065","article-title":"Comparison of Antibacterial Effects and Fumigant Toxicity of Essential Oils Extracted from Different Plants","volume":"124","author":"Tu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2018.10.003","article-title":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction Assisted by Cold Pressing from Clove Buds: Extraction Performance, Volatile Oil Composition, and Economic Evaluation","volume":"144","author":"Hatami","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.01.005","article-title":"Supercritical CO2 Extraction and Online Fractionation of Dry Ginger for Production of High-Quality Volatile Oil and Gingerols Enriched Oleoresin","volume":"130","author":"Shukla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1080\/00194506.2020.1828193","article-title":"Comparative Study of Ultrasound Pretreatment Method with Conventional Hydrodistillation Method for Extraction of Essential Oil from Piper betle L. (Paan)","volume":"64","author":"Jadhav","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.JAPTR_366_18","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Cinnamon Essential Oils and Their Synergistic Potential with Antibiotics","volume":"10","author":"Aouam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-020-00482-5","article-title":"Chemical Composition, In Vitro Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil","volume":"14","author":"Selles","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012462","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3012462","article-title":"Antimicrobial Properties of Plant Essential Oils against Human Pathogens and Their Mode of Action: An Updated Review","volume":"2016","author":"Swamy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., Coppola, R., and De Feo, V. (2017). Essential Oils and Antifungal Activity. Pharmaceuticals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph10040086"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9268468","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9268468","article-title":"An Overview of the Biological Effects of Some Mediterranean Essential Oils on Human Health","volume":"2017","author":"Elshafie","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haro-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.N., Castillo-Herrera, G.A., Mart\u00ednez-Vel\u00e1zquez, M., and Espinosa-Andrews, H. (2021). Clove Essential Oil (Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): Extraction, Chemical Composition, Food Applications, and Essential Bioactivity for Human Health. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202108.0386.v1"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soares, G.A.B.E., Bhattacharya, T., Chakrabarti, T., Tagde, P., and Cavalu, S. (2022). Exploring Pharmacological Mechanisms of Essential Oils on the Central Nervous System. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11010021"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prmcm.2022.100075","article-title":"Potentials for Health and Therapeutic Benefits of Garlic Essential Oils: Recent Findings and Future Prospects","volume":"3","author":"Ezeorba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Mod. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2023, May 16). Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Part 182.20 Essential Oils, Oleoresins (Solvent-Free), and Natural Extractives (including Distillates), Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfcfr\/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=182.20."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1177\/1082013212442198","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from Mediterranean Aromatic Plants against Several Foodborne and Spoilage Bacteria","volume":"19","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"947","article-title":"Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Tunisian garlic (Allium sativum) essential oil and ethanol extract","volume":"3","author":"Chekki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2013.860409","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils","volume":"26","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"561","article-title":"In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy of Certian Herbal Seeds Essential Oils against Important Poultry Microbes","volume":"50","author":"Bhaisare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.09.013","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of Origanum vulgare L. and Origanum majorana L. against Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Poultry Meat","volume":"77","author":"Funck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2014.971069","article-title":"Chemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Thyme and Oregano Essential Oils, Thymol and Carvacrol and Their Possible Synergism","volume":"18","author":"Gavaric","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-7580","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Lippia origanoides and Lippia rotundifolia Oils against Enterobacteria Isolated from Poultry","volume":"67","author":"Souza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9545693","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9545693","article-title":"In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Thymus schimperi, Matricaria chamomilla, Eucalyptus globulus, and Rosmarinus officinalis","volume":"2016","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.11.045","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Several Essential Oils on Pathogenic and Beneficial Bacteria","volume":"97","author":"Ambrosio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.06.041","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils of Lavandula \u00d7 intermedia \u2018Budrovka\u2019 and L. angustifolia Cultivated in Croatia","volume":"123","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2019.1601032","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the North East India: A Biodiversity Hot Spot","volume":"22","author":"Munda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebani, V.V., Nardoni, S., Bertelloni, F., Tosi, G., Massi, P., Pistelli, L., and Mancianti, F. (2019). In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils against Salmonella Enterica Serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium Strains Isolated from Poultry. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24050900"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"542","article-title":"In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Clove Oil against Gram Negative Bacteria Isolated from Chickens","volume":"6","author":"Kammon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Approaches Poult. Dairy Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A\u0107imovi\u0107, M., Zori\u0107, M., Zheljazkov, V.D., Pezo, L., \u010cabarkapa, I., Jeremi\u0107, J.S., and Cvetkovi\u0107, M. (2020). Chemical Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil of Medicinal Plants from Eastern Serbia. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225482"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Vito, M., Cacaci, M., Barbanti, L., Martini, C., Sanguinetti, M., Benvenuti, S., Tosi, G., Fiorentini, L., Scozzoli, M., and Bugli, F. (2020). Origanum vulgare Essential Oil vs. A Commercial Mixture of Essential Oils: In vitro Effectiveness on Salmonella spp. from Poultry and Swine Intensive Livestock. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110763"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abers, M., Schroeder, S., Goelz, L., Sulser, A., St. Rose, T., Puchalski, K., and Langland, J. (2021). Antimicrobial Activity of the Volatile Substances from Essential Oils. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03285-3"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06835","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Plant Oils and Their Major Components","volume":"7","author":"Mangalagiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"74","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effects of Satureja hortensis Essential Oil against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Isolated from Poultry","volume":"13","author":"Seyedtaghiya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.31925\/farmacia.2021.2.14","article-title":"The in vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Some Essential Oils from Aromatic Plants","volume":"69","author":"Blejan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campana, R., Tiboni, M., Maggi, F., Cappellacci, L., Cianfaglione, K., Morshedloo, M.R., Frangipani, E., and Casettari, L. (2022). Comparative Analysis of the Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils and Their Formulated Microemulsions against Foodborne Pathogens and Spoilage Bacteria. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11040447"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957229","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2022.957229","article-title":"Combination of Cassava Starch Biopolymer and Essential Oils for Coating Table Eggs","volume":"6","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2022.109356","article-title":"Antimicrobial Action of Oregano, Thyme, Clove, Cinnamon and Black Pepper Essential Oils Free and Encapsulated against Foodborne Pathogens","volume":"144","author":"Crippa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Ara\u00fajo, M.V., da Oliveira, G.S., McManus, C., Vale, I.R.R., Salgado, C.B., da Pires, P.G.S., de Campos, T.A., Gon\u00e7alves, L.F., Almeida, A.P.C., and dos Martins, G.S. (2023). Preserving the Internal Quality of Quail Eggs Using a Corn Starch-Based Coating Combined with Basil Essential Oil. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11061612"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03126","article-title":"Rapid Inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis on Shell Eggs by Plant-Derived Antimicrobials","volume":"92","author":"Upadhyaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102523","article-title":"Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Nanoemulsion Wash Inactivates Salmonella Enteritidis on Shelled Eggs without Affecting Egg Color","volume":"102","author":"Allen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev126","article-title":"Efficacy of Fumigation with Trans-Cinnamaldehyde and Eugenol in Reducing Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis on Embryonated Egg Shells","volume":"94","author":"Upadhyaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, G.S., Nascimento, S.T., Dos Santos, V.M., and Dallago, B.S.L. (2021). Spraying Hatching Eggs with Clove Essential Oil Does Not Compromise the Quality of Embryos and One-Day-Old Chicks or Broiler Performance. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11072045"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.05.056","article-title":"Enhancing the Antibacterial Activity of Thyme Oil against Salmonella on Eggshell by Plasma-Assisted Process","volume":"70","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"de Andrade, M. (2018). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o do \u00f3leo Essencial de Citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus) Como Agente Alternativo na Desinfec\u00e7\u00e3o de ovos Incub\u00e1veis [Evaluation of Citronella Essential Oil (Cymbopogon winterianus) as an Alternative Agent in the Disinfection of Hatching Eggs], Federal Technological University of Paran\u00e1. Graduation Completion Work."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0822019","DOI":"10.1590\/s1519-9940200822019","article-title":"Disinfection of Fertile Eggs of Free-Range Poultry with Essential Oils","volume":"20","author":"Nogueira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Saude Prod. Anim."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.07.014","article-title":"Clove Essential Oil in the Sanitation of Fertile Eggs","volume":"99","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14794","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.14794","article-title":"Enhancement of Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil Vapor Released from a Paper Egg Tray in Combination with UV-C Radiation against Pathogenic Bacteria on Chicken Eggs","volume":"44","author":"Phothisuwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2022.2138894","article-title":"Essential Oil Sanitizers to Sanitize Hatching Eggs","volume":"50","author":"Bekhet","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1556\/066.2023.00027","article-title":"Rice Flour Coating Supplemented with Rosemary Essential Oil to Preserve the Internal, Microbiological and Sensory Quality of Quail Eggs","volume":"52","author":"Oliveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Aliment."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2022.2119914","article-title":"Essential Oils and Propolis as Additives in Egg Coatings","volume":"78","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Worlds Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012034","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/388\/1\/012034","article-title":"Influence of Spraying Different Solutions at Different Incubation Periods on Hatchability Parameters of Local Iraqi\u2019s Eggs","volume":"388","author":"Gatea","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)43304-5","article-title":"Studies on Disinfection of Eggs and Incubators. V: The Toxicity of Formaldehyde to the Developing Embryo","volume":"117","author":"Harry","year":"1961","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobaz.2014.12.005","article-title":"Comparing the Effectiveness of Egg Disinfectants against Bacte-ria and Mitotic Indices of Developing Chick Embryos","volume":"70","author":"Zeweil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Basic Appl. Zool."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"de Oliveira, S.Z. (2023). Toxicidade do \u00f3leo Essencial de Melaleuca a Organismos n\u00e3o-alvo [Toxicity of Melaleuca Essential Oil to Non-target Organism]. [Master\u2019s Dissertation, Federal Technological University of Paran\u00e1]."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tebr\u00fcn, W., Motola, G., Hafez, M.H., Bachmeier, J., Schmidt, V., Renfert, K., Reichelt, C., Br\u00fcggemann-Schwarze, S., and Pees, M. (2020). Preliminary Study: Health and Performance Assessment in Broiler Chicks Following Application of Six Different Hatching Egg Disinfection Protocols. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232825"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1021\/jf034850k","article-title":"Investigation of the Origanum onites L. Essential Oil Using the Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay","volume":"52","author":"Demirci","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"42","article-title":"The Effect of Co-Treatment with Retinoic Acid on Rescuing Citral Induced Morphological Anomalies during Chick Embryo Development","volume":"1","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Assiut. Univ. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112038","article-title":"Chicken Embryonic Toxicity and Potential in vitro Estrogenic and Mutagenic Activity of Carvacrol and Thymol in Low Dose\/Concentration","volume":"150","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2010.9707173","article-title":"Hatching Traits of Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) Eggs Disinfected with Carvacrol, Cinnamaldehyde or Thymol","volume":"38","author":"Ulucay","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"289","article-title":"Effect of Egg Disinfection on Hatching Performance for Bandarah Chicken Strain","volume":"33","author":"Zeweil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Egypt. Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2014.971060","article-title":"Investigation of Effects of Essential Oil from Berries of Juniperus excelsa Bieb. Subsp Excelsa (Cupressaceae) on Angiogenesis in Shell-Less Chick Embryo (CAM) Culture","volume":"18","author":"Goze","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2021.1926258","article-title":"Oregano-Oil Antagonist Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Induced Toxicity in Pre- and Post-Hatch Chick Embryo","volume":"49","author":"Bekhet","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oladokun, S., Macisaac, J., Rathgeber, B., and Adewole, D. (2021). Essential Oil Delivery Route: Effect on Broiler Chicken\u2019s Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, Intestinal Morphology, Immune, and Antioxidant Status. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123386"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.21608\/jcvr.2022.267580","article-title":"Response of Broiler Chicken to in Ovo Administration of Nano Encapsulated Thyme Oil","volume":"4","author":"Yaseen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Curr. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aberbour, A., Touazi, L., Benberkane, A., Aissanou, S., Sherasiya, A., Iguer-Ouada, M., Hornick, J.L., and Moula, N. (2023). The Effect of In Ovo Administration of Rosemary Essential Oil on Hatchability, Relative Hatching Weight, and Embryo Mortality Rate in Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica). Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071217"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102812","article-title":"Effect of Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Nanoemulsion Wash on Chicken Embryo Development in Fertilized Eggs","volume":"102","author":"Allen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"116","article-title":"Disinfection of Hatching Eggs by Formaldehyde Fumigation\u2014A Review","volume":"73","author":"Cadirci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez022","article-title":"An Evaluation of Alternative Methods for Sanitizing Hatching Eggs","volume":"98","author":"Melo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"263","article-title":"Investigation of the Effects of Pre-Incubation Formaldehyde Fumigation on the Tracheal Epithelium of Chicken Embryos and Chicks","volume":"32","author":"Kolankaya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"1","article-title":"Formaldehyde from Environment","volume":"Volume 1","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Formaldehyde and Cognition"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"179","article-title":"Toxic effect of formaldehyde: A systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Dan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Mod. Eng. Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2020.1795190","article-title":"Formaldehyde Toxicity Reports from In Vitro and in vivo Studies: A Review and Updated Data","volume":"45","author":"Bernardini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.21608\/epsj.2017.5655","article-title":"Effect of Spraying Hatching Eggs of Japanese Quails by Live Yeast on Physiological Changes in the Embryonic Development, Hatchability and Total Bacterial Count","volume":"37","author":"Fouad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Egypt. Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"105","article-title":"Comparison of Eucalyptus Extract and Formaldehyde on Hatchability and Survival Rate of Chicks in Disinfection of Fertile Eggs","volume":"9","author":"Toghyani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Res. Allied Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"2531","article-title":"Use of Oregano (Origanum onites L.) Essential Oil as Hatching Egg Disinfectant","volume":"8","author":"Copur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.21608\/epsj.2014.5313","article-title":"Role of Spraying Hatching Eggs with Natural Disinfectants on Hatching Characteristics and Eggshell Bacterial Counts","volume":"34","author":"Shahein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Egypt. Poult. Sci. J."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/8\/1890\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:19:33Z","timestamp":1760127573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/8\/1890"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11081890"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11081890","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]}}}