{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T01:33:58Z","timestamp":1780104838374,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Fund for Scientific Research, Republic of Bulgaria","award":["K\u03a0-06-H36\/7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K\u03a0-06-H36\/7"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a ubiquitous microorganism with pathogenic and saprophytic clones. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence, virulence, antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation of E. coli in three industrial farms in Bulgaria, as well as their adjacent sites related to the utilization of manure (feces, wastewater in a separator, lagoons, means of transport, and soils). The isolation of single bacterial cultures was performed via standard procedures with modifications, and E. coli isolates were identified via matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The disk diffusion method was used to assess antimicrobial resistance, and PCR was used to detect genes for antibiotic resistance (GAR) (qnr, aac(3), ampC, blaSHV\/blaTEM and erm) and virulence genes (stx, stx2all, LT, STa, F4 and eae). The protocol of Stepanovi\u0107 was utilized to measure the biofilm formation of the isolates. A total of 84 isolates from different samples (n = 53) were identified as E. coli. Almost all demonstrated antimicrobial resistance, and most of them demonstrated resistance to multiple antibiotics from different classes. No virulence genes coding the Shiga toxin or enterotoxins or those associated with enteropathogenicity were detected. No GAR from those tested for quinolones, aminoglycosides and macrolides were found. However, all isolates that were resistant to a penicillin-class antibiotic (56) had \u03b2-lactamase-producing plasmid genes. All of them had ampC, and 34 of them had blaTEM. A total of 14 isolates formed strongly adherent biofilms. These results in a country where the use of antibiotics for growth promotion and prophylaxis in farms is highly restricted corroborate that the global implemented policy on antibiotics in human medicine and in animal husbandry needs revision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T01:56:16Z","timestamp":1690509376000},"page":"1909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Formation of Escherichia coli Isolated from Pig Farms and Surroundings in Bulgaria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1740-5296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mila D.","family":"Kaleva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7784-4488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yana","family":"Ilieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8548-5649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya Margaritova","family":"Zaharieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2577-5625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyudmila","family":"Dimitrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya Chan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iva","family":"Tsvetkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yordan","family":"Georgiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petya","family":"Orozova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Fish, Mollusks and Crustacean Diseases, National Diagnostic Research Veterinary Institute, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krasimir","family":"Nedev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swine Complex (Svinekompleks) Krumovo Gradishte, Boni Holding AD, 1527 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3221-2545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hristo","family":"Najdenski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, J. (2016). Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations: Review on Antimicrobial Resistance."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Kraker, M.E.A., Stewardson, A.J., and Harbarth, S. (2016). Will 10 Million People Die a Year Due to Antimicrobial Resistance by 2050?. PLoS Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002184"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Systematic Analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). Antimicrobial Resistance: Global Report on Surveillance, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"135","article-title":"WHO Warns against \u201cpost-Antibiotic\u201d Era","volume":"5","author":"Reardon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao1495","article-title":"Reducing Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals","volume":"357","author":"Glennon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (2010). The Community Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in Zoonotic and Indicator Bacteria from Animals and Food in the European Union in 2004\u20132007. EFSA J., 8, 1658.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1309"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"CDC (2023, April 25). Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019|Enhanced Reader, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugresistance\/pdf\/threats-report\/2019-ar-threats-report-508.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw1944","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw1944","article-title":"Global Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals in Low- And Middle-Income Countries","volume":"365","author":"Pires","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Underwood, W.J., McGlone, J.J., Swanson, J., Anderson, K.A., and Anthony, R. (2013). Laboratory Animal Welfare, Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12191","article-title":"Structural and Functional Response of the Soil Bacterial Community to Application of Manure from Difloxacin-Treated Pigs","volume":"87","author":"Jechalke","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6288","article-title":"Antibiotics in Dust Originating from a Pig-Fattening Farm: A New Source of Health Hazard for Farmers?","volume":"111","author":"Hamscher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0026-2017","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli","volume":"6","author":"Poirel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780700","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.780700","article-title":"Multi-Locus Sequence Typing and Drug Resistance Analysis of Swine Origin Escherichia coli in Shandong of China and Its Potential Risk on Public Health","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0445-2","article-title":"Emergence of Plasmid-Mediated High-Level Tigecycline Resistance Genes in Animals and Humans","volume":"4","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00424-7","article-title":"Emergence of Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance Mechanism MCR-1 in Animals and Human Beings in China: A Microbiological and Molecular Biological Study","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70143-2","article-title":"Emergence of a New Antibiotic Resistance Mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: A Molecular, Biological, and Epidemiological Study","volume":"10","author":"Kumarasamy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros, M.M., Castro, J., Ara\u00fajo, D., Campos, A.M., Oliveira, R., Silva, S., Outor-Monteiro, D., and Almeida, C. (2023). Swine Colibacillosis: Global Epidemiologic and Antimicrobial Scenario. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040682"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loayza, F., Graham, J.P., and Trueba, G. (2020). Factors Obscuring the Role of E. coli from Domestic Animals in the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis: An Evidence-Based Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093061"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argud\u00edn, M.A., Deplano, A., Meghraoui, A., Dod\u00e9mont, M., Heinrichs, A., Denis, O., Nonhoff, C., and Roisin, S. (2017). Bacteria from Animals as a Pool of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Antibiotics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics6020012"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2011.04.009","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Gene Spread Due to Manure Application on Agricultural Fields","volume":"14","author":"Heuer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Union (2022). The European Union One Health 2021 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 20, e06406.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7666"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.12.011","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Biofilms","volume":"35","author":"Bjarnsholt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00196","article-title":"Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacterial Biofilms","volume":"292","author":"Stewart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitrova, L., Kaleva, M., Zaharieva, M.M., Stoykova, C., Tsvetkova, I., Angelovska, M., Ilieva, Y., Kussovski, V., Naydenska, S., and Najdenski, H. (2021). Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia Coli Isolated from Swine Faeces and Lagoons in Bulgaria. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10080940"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.57.4.1013-1017.1991","article-title":"Detection of Escherichia coli and Shigella Spp. in Water by Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction and Gene Probes for Uid","volume":"57","author":"Bej","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clifford, R.J., Milillo, M., Prestwood, J., Quintero, R., Zurawski, D.V., Kwak, Y.I., Waterman, P.E., Lesho, E.P., and Mc Gann, P. (2012). Detection of Bacterial 16S RRNA and Identification of Four Clinically Important Bacteria by Real-Time PCR. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048558"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2023, April 07). ISO\/TS 13136:2012(En), Microbiology of Food and Animal Feed\u2014Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Based Method for the Detection of Food-Borne Pathogens\u2014Horizontal Method for the Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and the Determination of O157, O111, O26, O103 and O145 Serogroups. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/obp\/ui\/#iso:std:iso:ts:13136:ed-1:v1:en."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.2166\/washdev.2019.021","article-title":"Efficacy of Integrated Ultraviolet Ultrasonic Technologies in the Removal of Erythromycin-and Quinolone-Resistant Escherichia Coli from Domestic Wastewater through a Laboratory-Based Experiment","volume":"9","author":"Annisha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Water Sanit. Hyg. Dev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2020.100926","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Fecal Escherichia Coli Isolated 491 from Poultry Chicks in Northern Iran","volume":"21","author":"Pourhossein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0345-x","article-title":"Prevalence, Identification of Virulence Factors, O-Serogroups and Antibiotic Resistance Properties of Shiga-Toxin Producing Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Raw Milk and Traditional Dairy Products","volume":"7","author":"Ranjbar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2020.11.5.09","article-title":"Characterization of Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase Genes and Phylogenetic Groups of Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli Isolated from Patients with Diarrhea","volume":"11","author":"Jafari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00395","article-title":"Characteristics of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase\u2013Producing Escherichia coli From Dogs and Cats Admitted to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Taipei, Taiwan from 2014 to 2017","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoirani, K., Indrawati, A., and Setiyaningsih, S. (2019). Detection of Ampicillin Resistance Encoding Gene of Escherichia Coli from Chickens in Bandung and Purwakarta. J. Ris. Vet. Indones., 3.","DOI":"10.20956\/jrvi.v3i1.6134"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1510.090696","article-title":"Escherichia Coli as Reservoir for Macrolide Resistance Genes","volume":"15","author":"Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"CLSI (2009). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [3rd ed.]. Approved Standard."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2023, April 23). Testing, T.E.C. on A.S. Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters. Available online: http:\/\/www.eucast.org."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Power, D., and McCuen, P. (1998). Manual of BBL Products and Laboratory Procedures, BBL Publishing. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_630.x","article-title":"Quantification of Biofilm in Microtiter Plates: Overview of Testing Conditions and Practical Recommendations for Assessment of Biofilm Production by Staphylococci","volume":"115","author":"Hola","year":"2007","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.22.6.996-1006.1985","article-title":"Adherence of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci to Plastic Tissue Culture Plates: A Quantitative Model for the Adherence of Staphylococci to Medical Devices","volume":"22","author":"Christensen","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689015","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.689015","article-title":"Reducing the Risk of Transmission of Critical Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants from Contaminated Pork Products to Humans in South-East Asia","volume":"12","author":"Sirichokchatchawan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02947-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02947-22","article-title":"Longitudinal Study of Dynamic Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Pigs and Humans Living and\/or Working on Pig Farms","volume":"11","author":"Dohmen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00334","article-title":"Use of Antibiotics as Feed Additives: A Burning Question","volume":"5","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Urumova, V. (2016). Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Antimicrobial Resistance in Resident Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., Isolated from Intensively Farmed Pigs in Bulgaria, Trakia University."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"44","article-title":"Example Scheme for Antibacterial Therapy and Metaphylaxis of Colibacillosis in the Intensive Pig Production (in Bulgarian)","volume":"53","author":"Dimitrova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zhivotnovdni Nauk. Bulg. J. Anim. Husb."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmer, I., Salomonsen, C.M., Jorsal, S.E., Astrup, L.B., Jensen, V.F., H\u00f8g, B.B., and Pedersen, K. (2019). Antibiotic Resistance in Porcine Pathogenic Bacteria and Relation to Antibiotic Usage. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2162-8"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caneschi, A., Bardhi, A., Barbarossa, A., and Zaghini, A. (2023). The Use of Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine, a Complex Phenomenon: A Narrative Review. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030487"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Union (2022). The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in Zoonotic and Indicator Bacteria from Humans, Animals and Food in 2019\u20132020. EFSA J., 20, e07209.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7209"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2017). Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Europe\u2013Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net)."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"7113","article-title":"Assessment of Animal Diseases Caused by Bacteria Resistant to Antimicrobials: Swine","volume":"19","author":"Nielsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","article-title":"Global Trends in Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals","volume":"112","author":"Brower","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834793","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.834793","article-title":"Global Distribution of Fluoroquinolone and Colistin Resistance and Associated Resistance Markers in Escherichia Coli of Swine Origin\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Hayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-020-00076-x","article-title":"Impact of Mixed Biofilm Formation with Environmental Microorganisms on E. coli O157:H7 Survival against Sanitization","volume":"4","author":"Bosilevac","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Sci. Food"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2023.02.037","article-title":"In Vitro Anti-Biofilm Effects of Loxostylis Alata Extracts and Isolated 5-Demethyl Sinensetin on Selected Foodborne Bacteria","volume":"156","author":"Gado","year":"2023","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakanishi, E.Y., Palacios, J.H., Godbout, S., and Fournel, S. (2021). Interaction between Biofilm Formation, Surface Material and Cleanability Considering Different Materials Used in Pig Facilities\u2014An Overview. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13115836"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/8\/1909\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:20:58Z","timestamp":1760127658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/8\/1909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11081909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11081909","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]}}}