{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:13:55Z","timestamp":1790712835307,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome","award":["2020\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gender differences and microbiota are gaining increasing attention. This study aimed to assess gender differences in gastric bacterial microbiota between subjects with healthy stomachs and those with autoimmune atrophic gastritis. This was a post hoc analysis of 52 subjects undergoing gastroscopy for dyspepsia (57.7% healthy stomach, 42.3% autoimmune atrophic gastritis). Gastric biopsies were obtained for histopathology and genomic DNA extraction. Gastric microbiota were assessed by sequencing the hypervariable regions of the 16SrRNA gene. The bacterial profile at the phylum level was reported as being in relative abundance expressed as 16SrRNA OTUs (&gt;0.5%) and biodiversity calculated as Shannon-diversity index-H. All data were stratified for the female and male gender. Results showed that women with healthy stomachs had a higher gastric bacterial abundance and less microbial diversity compared to men. Likely due to hypochlorhydria and the non-acid intragastric environment, autoimmune atrophic gastritis seems to reset gender differences in gastric bacterial abundance and reduce biodiversity in males, showing a greater extent of dysbiosis in terms of reduced biodiversity in men. Differences between gender on taxa frequency at the phylum and genus level in healthy subjects and autoimmune atrophic gastritis were observed. The impact of these findings on the gender-specific natural history of autoimmune atrophic gastritis remains to be elucidated; in any case, gender differences should deserve attention in gastric microbiota studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T01:39:32Z","timestamp":1690767572000},"page":"1938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Gastric Microbiota Gender Differences in Subjects with Healthy Stomachs and Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Pivetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Dottori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Microbiome Research Hub, Department Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Cingolani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Ligato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9070-7733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Dilaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5062-3164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Microbiome Research Hub, Department Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Microbiome Research Hub, Department Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7839-9125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Borro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University Sapienza, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2242-5048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9120-5957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Annibale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9503-8639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edith","family":"Lahner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0187-8","article-title":"Autoimmune gastritis","volume":"6","author":"Lenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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