{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T19:00:22Z","timestamp":1780081222885,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cleveland State University","award":["1T34GM137792-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1T34GM137792-01"]}]},{"name":"Cleveland State University","award":["1S100D023436-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S100D023436-01"]}]},{"name":"Cuyahoga Community College","award":["1T34GM137792-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1T34GM137792-01"]}]},{"name":"Cuyahoga Community College","award":["1S100D023436-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S100D023436-01"]}]},{"name":"Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute","award":["1T34GM137792-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1T34GM137792-01"]}]},{"name":"Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute","award":["1S100D023436-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S100D023436-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) is a free-living biflagellate predator closely related to pathogenic Apicomplexa such as Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma gondii. Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) obtain nutrients by preying on Parabodo caudatus using myzocytosis. The organization of the myzocytic apparatus and the mechanism of nutrient uptake into the posterior food vacuole of Colpodella species is unknown. In this study, we investigated myzocytosis using light and transmission electron microscopy. We investigated the uptake of 40 nm and 100 nm fluorescent nanoparticles and E. coli BioParticles by Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) in a diprotist culture. Transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the morphology of the tubular tether formed during myzocytosis. E. coli BioParticles were taken up by P. caudatus but not by Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594). Both protists took up the 100 nm and 40 nm beads, which were observed distributed in the cytoplasm of free unattached Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) trophozoites, and also in feeding Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) trophozoites and in the pre-cysts. Fragments of the nucleus and kinetoplast of P. caudatus and the nanoparticles were identified in the tubular tether being aspirated into the posterior food vacuole of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594). Unattached Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) endocytose nutrients from the culture medium independently from myzocytosis. The mechanisms of myzocytosis and endocytosis among Colpodella species may provide important insights into nutrient uptake among the pathogenic apicomplexans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T01:39:32Z","timestamp":1690767572000},"page":"1945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Fluorescent Nanoparticle Uptake by Myzocytosis and Endocytosis in Colpodella sp. ATCC 50594"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tobili Y.","family":"Sam-Yellowe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary M.","family":"Asraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisashi","family":"Fujioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryo-EM Core, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00235.x","article-title":"The phylogeny of colpodellids (Alveolata) using small subunit rRNAgene sequences suggests they are the free-living sister group to apicomplexans","volume":"49","author":"Kuvardina","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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