{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T16:43:36Z","timestamp":1772210616997,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated, sugar-driven, multifactorial, dynamic disease that results in the phasic demineralization and remineralization of dental hard tissues. Despite scientific advances in cariology, dental caries remains a severe global concern. The aim of this study was to determine the optimization of microbial and molecular techniques for the detection of cariogenic pathogens in dental caries patients, the prevalence of cariogenic bacteria on the basis of socioeconomic, climatological, and hygienic factors, and in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of selected synthetic antibiotics and herbal extracts. In this study, oral samples were collected from 900 patients for bacterial strain screening on a biochemical and molecular basis. Plant extracts, such as ginger, garlic, neem, tulsi, amla, and aloe vera, were used to check the antimicrobial activity against the isolated strains. Synthetic antimicrobial agents, such as penicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, metronidazole, doxycycline, ceftazidime, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, were also used to access the antimicrobial activity. Among 900 patients, 63% were males and 37% were females, patients aged between 36 and 58 (45.7%) years were prone to disease, and the most common symptom was toothache (61%). For oral diseases, 21% used herbs, 36% used antibiotics, and 48% were self-medicated, owing to sweets consumption (60.66%) and fizzy drinks and fast food (51.56%). Staphylococcus mutans (29.11%) and Streptococcus sobrinus (28.11%) were found as the most abundant strains. Seven bacterial strains were successfully screened and predicted to be closely related to genera S. sobrinus, S. mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Eubacterium nodatum, Propionibacterium acidifaciens, and Treponema Pallidum. Among plant extracts, the maximum zone of inhibition was recorded by ginger (22.36 mm) and amla (20.01 mm), while among synthetic antibiotics, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were most effective against all microbes. This study concluded that phyto extracts of ginger and amla were considered suitable alternatives to synthetic antibiotics to treat dental diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T09:22:38Z","timestamp":1690795358000},"page":"1952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Phenotypic Analysis, Molecular Characterization, and Antibiogram of Caries-Causing Bacteria Isolated from Dental Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Khushbu","family":"Farva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huma","family":"Sattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7514-5722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayat","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Engineering Lab, Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdur","family":"Raziq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Danish","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5761-4044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afrasiab Khan","family":"Tareen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4891-7881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imrana Niaz","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quratulaain","family":"Zohra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Project of Sahara for Life Trust, The Sahara College Narowal, Punjab 51601, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3304-9735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Waseem","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s40735-015-0013-0","article-title":"Wear and corrosion interactions on titanium in oral environment: Literature review","volume":"1","author":"Souza","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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