{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:44:38Z","timestamp":1788954278152,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Department of Human Health services","award":["IDSEP140020-01-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDSEP140020-01-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We conducted an active influenza surveillance in the single pig slaughterhouse in Dakar to investigate the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of influenza A viruses (IAVs) and to provide serologic evidence of avian influenza virus (AIV) infection in pigs at interfaces with human populations in Senegal. Nasal swab and blood samples were collected on a weekly basis from the same animal immediately after slaughter. Influenza A viruses were diagnosed using RT-qPCR and a subset of positive samples for H3 and H1 subtypes were selected for full genome amplification and NGS sequencing. Serum samples were tested by HI assay for the detection of antibodies recognizing four AIVs, including H9N2, H5N1, H7N7 and H5N2. Between September 2018 and December 2019, 1691 swine nasal swabs were collected and tested. Influenza A virus was detected in 30.7% (520\/1691), and A\/H1N1pdm09 virus was the most commonly identified subtype with 38.07% (198\/520), followed by A\/H1N2 (16.3%) and A\/H3N2 (5.2%). Year-round influenza activity was noted in pigs, with the highest incidence between June and September. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the IAVs were closely related to human IAV strains belonging to A\/H1N1pdm09 and seasonal H3N2 lineages. Genetic analysis revealed that Senegalese strains possessed several key amino acid changes, including D204 and N241D in the receptor binding site, S31N in the M2 gene and P560S in the PA protein. Serological analyses revealed that 83.5% (95%CI = 81.6\u201385.3) of the 1636 sera tested were positive for the presence of antibodies against either H9N2, H5N1, H7N7 or H5N2. Influenza H7N7 (54.3%) and H9N2 (53.6%) were the dominant avian subtypes detected in Senegalese pigs. Given the co-circulation of multiple subtypes of influenza viruses among Senegalese pigs, the potential exists for the emergence of new hybrid viruses of unpredictable zoonotic and pandemic potential in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T09:22:38Z","timestamp":1690795358000},"page":"1961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Influenza A Virus in Pigs in Senegal and Risk Assessment of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) Emergence and Transmission to Human"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mamadou Malado","family":"Jallow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar, D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biologie Animale, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques, Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, Dakar BP 206, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou Aliou","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unit\u00e9 d\u2019Epid\u00e9miologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar BP 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6890-7915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amary","family":"Fall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar, D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndiend\u00e9 Koba","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar, D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davy","family":"Kiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar, D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar, D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9borah","family":"Goudiaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar, D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mbayame Ndiaye","family":"Niang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar, D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5035-1325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gamou","family":"Fall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar, D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malick","family":"Fall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biologie Animale, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques, Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, Dakar BP 206, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4051-3797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ndongo","family":"Dia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Dakar, D\u00e9partement de Virologie, Dakar BP 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tour\u00e9, C.T., Fall, A., Andriamandimby, S.F., Jallow, M.M., Goudiaby, D., Kiori, D., Sy, S., Diaw, Y., Ndiaye, K.N., and Mbaye, F. 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