{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:05:18Z","timestamp":1791475518236,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cThe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities\u201d, Southwest Minzu University","award":["RQD2021070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RQD2021070"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Both Eimeria tenella and Toxoplasma gondii are common apicomplexan parasites in chickens. Host cell invasion by both protozoans includes gliding motility, host cell attachment and active penetration. Chicken macrophages as phagocytic cells participate in the innate host immune response against these two parasites. In this study, primary chicken monocyte-derived macrophages (MM) were infected with both pathogens to investigate mutual and host\u2013parasite interactions. MM cultures were assigned to groups that were infected with E. tenella, T. gondii or both. In co-infected cultures, MM were first exposed to E. tenella sporozoites for 2 h. Afterwards, T. gondii tachyzoite infection was performed. Live-cell imaging was carried out to observe cell invasion and survival of T. gondii by single parasite tracking over a period of 20 h post infection (hpi). Quantitative analysis for parasite replication was performed by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) at 2, 6, 12 and 24 hpi. Overall, the ability of T. gondii to penetrate the cell membrane of the potential host cell was reduced, although high motility was displayed. We found that T. gondii tachyzoites adhered for more than 4 h to macrophages during early co-infection. qPCR results confirmed that significantly less T. gondii entered in E. tenella-activated MM at 2 hpi, and a reduced proportion of intracellular T. gondii survived and replicated in these cells at 24 hpi. We conclude that E. tenella modulates host cell responses to another apicomplexan agent, T. gondii, reducing active invasion and multiplication in chicken primary macrophages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T11:13:06Z","timestamp":1691061186000},"page":"1999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Monocyte-Derived Chicken Macrophages Exposed to Eimeria tenella Sporozoites Display Reduced Susceptibility to Invasion by Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Runhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine, Southwest Minzu University of Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanpeng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arwid","family":"Daugschies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Albrecht-Daniel-Thaer-Institute, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berit","family":"Bangoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2021.10.019","article-title":"Development of CRISPR-CAS9 based RNA drugs against Eimeria tenella infection","volume":"113","author":"Mohsin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"256","article-title":"Construction and evaluation of the Toxoplasma gondii DNA vaccine targeting DEC-205","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pakistan Vet. 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PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025233"}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/8\/1999\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:25:00Z","timestamp":1760127900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/8\/1999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11081999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11081999","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]}}}