{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:33:09Z","timestamp":1783452789600,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,6]],"date-time":"2023-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, probiotics have been emerging as an attractive therapeutic strategy for several diseases. In orthopedics, probiotics seem to be a promising supplementation for treatment of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, muscle loss-related disease, wound and ulcer issues, and prevention of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis side effects. Although probiotics are still not included in guidelines for these conditions, several studies have reported theoretical benefits of their administration. Further high-level clinical trials are necessary to convert research into solid clinical practice. However, probiotics represent a cost-effective future perspective and may play a role in association with traditional orthopedic therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11082021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,6]],"date-time":"2023-08-06T10:01:53Z","timestamp":1691316113000},"page":"2021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Probiotics in Orthopedics: From Preclinical Studies to Current Applications and Future Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9974-4787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Mazzotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Orthopaedics and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40123 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Langone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Orthopaedics and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6486-6300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Arceri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Orthopaedics and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9279-4722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Artioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Orthopaedics and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone Ottavio","family":"Zielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Orthopaedics and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6704-8509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Bonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Orthopaedics and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pejman","family":"Abdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Orthopaedics and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Faldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Orthopaedics and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40123 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics Consensus Statement on the Scope and Appropriate Use of the Term Probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000532117.21250.0f","article-title":"Current and Future Uses of Probiotics","volume":"31","author":"Tanner","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAAPA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004107","article-title":"A Taxonomic Note on the Genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 Novel Genera, Emended Description of the Genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and Union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae","volume":"70","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"170","article-title":"Probiotics for Gastrointestinal Conditions: A Summary of the Evidence","volume":"96","author":"Wilkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13368-2","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Bifidobacterium Breve Strain A1 for Preventing Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01096","article-title":"Oral Administration of the Probiotic Strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Reduces Susceptibility to Neuroinflammation and Repairs Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"Secher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1521","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus Modulates Intestinal Pain and Induces Opioid and Cannabinoid Receptors","volume":"13","author":"Rousseaux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.05.011","article-title":"Bifidobacterium CECT 7765 Modulates Early Stress-Induced Immune, Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Alterations in Mice","volume":"65","author":"Campillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000013","article-title":"Obsessive-Compulsive-like Behaviors in House Mice Are Attenuated by a Probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG)","volume":"25","author":"Kantak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2005.08.008","article-title":"Effect of Bacteriocin Produced by Lactococcus sp. HY 449 on Skin-Inflammatory Bacteria","volume":"44","author":"Oh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2016.0089","article-title":"Supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1 Normalises Skin Expression of Genes Implicated in Insulin Signalling and Improves Adult Acne","volume":"7","author":"Fabbrocini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S135529","article-title":"Effect of a Lotion Containing the Heat-Treated Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533 on Staphylococcus Aureus Colonization in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"10","author":"Mercenier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiousi, D.E., Karapetsas, A., Karolidou, K., Panayiotidis, M.I., Pappa, A., and Galanis, A. (2019). Probiotics in Extraintestinal Diseases: Current Trends and New Directions. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040788"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12529","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12529","article-title":"Bone Health-Promoting Bioactive Peptides","volume":"43","author":"Ahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2009.217","article-title":"Osteoimmunology and the Effects of the Immune System on Bone","volume":"5","author":"Takayanagi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wawrzyniak, A., and Balawender, K. (2022). Structural and Metabolic Changes in Bone. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12151946"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2013.847410","article-title":"Nutrition and Bone Health: Turning Knowledge and Beliefs into Healthy Behaviour","volume":"30","author":"Rizzoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0636","article-title":"Update on Medications with Adverse Skeletal Effects","volume":"86","author":"Kearns","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000342079","article-title":"Probiotic Mechanisms of Action","volume":"61","author":"Gil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-021-00924-2","article-title":"Role of the Microbiome in Regulating Bone Metabolism and Susceptibility to Osteoporosis","volume":"110","author":"Cronin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01223-5","article-title":"Probiotics and Bone Disorders: The Role of RANKL\/RANK\/OPG Pathway","volume":"32","author":"Amin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8605","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.63749","article-title":"Probiotics Stimulate Bone Formation in Obese Mice via Histone Methylations","volume":"11","author":"Behera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3582989","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3582989","article-title":"Probiotics as a New Regulator for Bone Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2021","author":"Malmir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24340","article-title":"Probiotic Use Decreases Intestinal Inflammation and Increases Bone Density in Healthy Male but Not Female Mice","volume":"228","author":"McCabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24636","article-title":"Probiotic L. reuteri Treatment Prevents Bone Loss in a Menopausal Ovariectomized Mouse Model","volume":"229","author":"Britton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins, F.L., Irwin, R., Bierhalter, H., Schepper, J., Britton, R.A., Parameswaran, N., and McCabe, L.R. (2016). Lactobacillus reuteri 6475 Increases Bone Density in Intact Females Only under an Inflammatory Setting. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153180"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI86062","article-title":"Sex Steroid Deficiency-Associated Bone Loss Is Microbiota Dependent and Prevented by Probiotics","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.1.130","article-title":"Selected Indigestible Oligosaccharides Affect Large Bowel Mass, Cecal and Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids, PH and Microflora in Rats","volume":"127","author":"Campbell","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-004-0441-y","article-title":"The Effect of Lactobacillus helveticus Fermented Milk on Acute Changes in Calcium Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women","volume":"43","author":"Narva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.18-006","article-title":"Effect of Bacillus Subtilis C-3102 on Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Postmenopausal Japanese Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial","volume":"37","author":"Takimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosci. Microbiota Food Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergeev, I.N., Aljutaily, T., Walton, G., and Huarte, E. (2020). Effects of Synbiotic Supplement on Human Gut Microbiota, Body Composition and Weight Loss in Obesity. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010222"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4262","article-title":"Oral Supplementation with Probiotic L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 Increases Mean Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"98","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12805","article-title":"Lactobacillus Reuteri Reduces Bone Loss in Older Women with Low Bone Mineral Density: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Clinical Trial","volume":"284","author":"Nilsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2017.1318724","article-title":"Effects of a Multispecies Probiotic Supplement on Bone Health in Osteopenic Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial","volume":"36","author":"Jafarnejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3293362","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3293362","article-title":"Curative Effect of Prebiotics\/Probiotics Preparations Combined with Zoledronic Acid\u2009+\u2009Calcitriol Regimen on Patients with Primary Osteoporosis and Their Influences on Bone Metabolism Markers","volume":"2022","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.153353","article-title":"Combined Bioavailable Isoflavones and Probiotics Improve Bone Status and Estrogen Metabolism in Postmenopausal Osteopenic Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"106","author":"Lambert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738109350438","article-title":"The Basic Science of Articular Cartilage: Structure, Composition, and Function","volume":"1","author":"Bedi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"465","article-title":"Articular Cartilage and Osteoarthritis","volume":"54","author":"Buckwalter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Instr. Course Lect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2008.08.007","article-title":"The Contribution of Genes to Osteoarthritis","volume":"93","author":"Valdes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"191","article-title":"Co-administration of live probiotics with chondroprotector in management of experimental knee osteoarthritis","volume":"279","author":"Korotkyi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Georgian Med. News"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-022-01030-7","article-title":"Probiotics Inhibit Cartilage Damage and Progression of Osteoarthritis in Mice","volume":"112","author":"Sophocleous","year":"2023","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musumeci, G. (2017). Sarcopenia and Exercise \u201cThe State of the Art\u201d. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk2040040"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12784","article-title":"Understanding the Gut Microbiota and Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zommiti, M., Feuilloley, M.G.J., and Connil, N. (2020). Update of Probiotics in Human World: A Nonstop Source of Benefactions till the End of Time. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8121907"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, Y.-J., Huang, W.-C., Lin, J.-S., Chen, Y.-M., Ho, S.-T., Huang, C.-C., and Tung, Y.-T. (2018). Kefir Supplementation Modifies Gut Microbiota Composition, Reduces Physical Fatigue, and Improves Exercise Performance in Mice. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070862"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002675","article-title":"Effects of Probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) Supplementation During Offseason Resistance Training in Female Division I Athletes","volume":"34","author":"Toohey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-M., Wei, L., Chiu, Y.-S., Hsu, Y.-J., Tsai, T.-Y., Wang, M.-F., and Huang, C.-C. (2016). Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 Supplementation Improves Exercise Performance and Increases Muscle Mass in Mice. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8040205"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13132","article-title":"Impact of Probiotics on Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength and Lean Mass: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"14","author":"Prokopidis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac046","article-title":"Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Performance of Resistance and Aerobic Exercises: A Systematic Review","volume":"81","author":"Mancini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101782","article-title":"Lactobacillus paracasei PS23 Decelerated Age-Related Muscle Loss by Ensuring Mitochondrial Function in SAMP8 Mice","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K., Kim, J., Park, S.-D., Shim, J.-J., and Lee, J.-L. (2021). Lactobacillus plantarum HY7715 Ameliorates Sarcopenia by Improving Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function in Aged Balb\/c Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810023"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bindels, L.B., Beck, R., Schakman, O., Martin, J.C., De Backer, F., Sohet, F.M., Dewulf, E.M., Pachikian, B.D., Neyrinck, A.M., and Thissen, J.-P. (2012). Restoring Specific Lactobacilli Levels Decreases Inflammation and Muscle Atrophy Markers in an Acute Leukemia Mouse Model. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037971"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11803","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7730","article-title":"Beneficial Bacteria Inhibit Cachexia","volume":"7","author":"Varian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-019-0329-0","article-title":"International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics","volume":"16","author":"Mohr","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2017.3937","article-title":"Lactobacillus Gasseri BNR17 Supplementation Reduces the Visceral Fat Accumulation and Waist Circumference in Obese Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513003875","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 Supplementation on Weight Loss and Maintenance in Obese Men and Women","volume":"111","author":"Sanchez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European Consensus on Definition and Diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12783","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Sarcopenia and Severe Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Balntzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1502","article-title":"Two Weeks of Reduced Activity Decreases Leg Lean Mass and Induces \u201cAnabolic Resistance\u201d of Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis in Healthy Elderly","volume":"98","author":"Breen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"217","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Androgens: A Link between Pathology and Treatment","volume":"5","author":"Varela","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14660","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14660","article-title":"The Effect of Acute Sleep Deprivation on Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis and the Hormonal Environment","volume":"9","author":"Lamon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.08.016","article-title":"Does Nutrition Play a Role in the Prevention and Management of Sarcopenia?","volume":"37","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1159","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20160811-02","article-title":"Effect of Sarcopenia on Postoperative Morbidity and Mortality After Thoracolumbar Spine Surgery","volume":"39","author":"Bokshan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2018.07.005","article-title":"The Age-Related Loss of Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function: Measurement and Physiology of Muscle Fibre Atrophy and Muscle Fibre Loss in Humans","volume":"47","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.038","article-title":"Aberrant Redox Signalling and Stress Response in Age-Related Muscle Decline: Role in Inter- and Intra-Cellular Signalling","volume":"132","author":"McArdle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.10.034","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle as Potential Central Link between Sarcopenia and Immune Senescence","volume":"49","author":"Nelke","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615849","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.615849","article-title":"Anabolic Resistance of Muscle Protein Turnover Comes in Various Shapes and Sizes","volume":"8","author":"Paulussen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"38","article-title":"Current Nutritional Recommendations and Novel Dietary Strategies to Manage Sarcopenia","volume":"2","author":"Calvani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Frailty Aging"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13321","article-title":"Chapter 3 Prevention of Sarcopenia","volume":"18","author":"Kuzuya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO02051F","article-title":"Effect of Antioxidant Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle and Metabolic Profile in Aging Mice","volume":"12","author":"Kawakami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665120008010","article-title":"The Efficacy of Essential Amino Acid Supplementation for Augmenting Dietary Protein Intake in Older Adults: Implications for Skeletal Muscle Mass, Strength and Function","volume":"80","author":"Ispoglou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00124","article-title":"Variables Influencing the Effectiveness of Creatine Supplementation as a Therapeutic Intervention for Sarcopenia","volume":"6","author":"Candow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.110722","article-title":"Muscle Strength Is Increased in Mice That Are Colonized with Microbiota from High-Functioning Older Adults","volume":"127","author":"Fielding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00305","article-title":"Targeting the Gut Microbiota to Treat Cachexia","volume":"9","author":"Genton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5597","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S261585","article-title":"Cancer Cachexia: Definition, Staging, and Emerging Treatments","volume":"12","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv147","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv147","article-title":"Investigation of the Association Between the Fecal Microbiota and Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women: A Population-Based Case-Control Pilot Study","volume":"107","author":"Goedert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00112","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome in Lung Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/gox031","article-title":"Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota in Promoting the Development of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Zou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01235","article-title":"The Skin Microbiome: Is It Affected by UV-Induced Immune Suppression?","volume":"7","author":"Patra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skowron, K., Bauza-Kaszewska, J., Kraszewska, Z., Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, N., Grudlewska-Buda, K., Kwieci\u0144ska-Pir\u00f3g, J., Wa\u0142ecka-Zacharska, E., Radtke, L., and Gospodarek-Komkowska, E. (2021). Human Skin Microbiome: Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Skin Microbiota. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030543"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-020-00782-x","article-title":"Understanding the Impact of Antibiotic Perturbation on the Human Microbiome","volume":"12","author":"Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2012.08.005","article-title":"Bacteria as Vitamin Suppliers to Their Host: A Gut Microbiota Perspective","volume":"24","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425139","article-title":"Lactobacillus Casei Reduces CD8+ T Cell-Mediated Skin Inflammation","volume":"34","author":"Chapat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihai, M.M., Preda, M., Lungu, I., Gestal, M.C., Popa, M.I., and Holban, A.M. (2018). Nanocoatings for Chronic Wound Repair-Modulation of Microbial Colonization and Biofilm Formation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041179"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12607","article-title":"Probiotics or Pro-Healers: The Role of Beneficial Bacteria in Tissue Repair","volume":"25","author":"Lukic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2023.32.5.318","article-title":"The Role of Probiotics as Wound Healers: An Overall View","volume":"32","author":"Meenakshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1803925","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201803925","article-title":"Biofilm-Inspired Encapsulation of Probiotics for the Treatment of Complex Infections","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9267-9","article-title":"The Inhibition Effect of Lactobacilli Against Growth and Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"10","author":"Shokri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648554","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.648554","article-title":"Biofilm-Innate Immune Interface: Contribution to Chronic Wound Formation","volume":"12","author":"Versey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"193","article-title":"Effects of Probiotics in the Management of Infected Chronic Wounds: From Cell Culture to Human Studies","volume":"15","author":"Brognara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01142.x","article-title":"Interference of Lactobacillus plantarum with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Vitro and in Infected Burns: The Potential Use of Probiotics in Wound Treatment","volume":"11","author":"Peral","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2970","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2970","article-title":"The Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Administration on Wound Healing and Metabolic Status in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"34","author":"Mohseni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02793.x","article-title":"Interleukin-8 Production by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes from Patients with Chronic Infected Leg Ulcers Treated with Lactobacillus plantarum","volume":"16","author":"Peral","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2008.00577.x","article-title":"Bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus plantarum in Burns","volume":"6","author":"Peral","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1086\/664048","article-title":"Prevalence of Healthcare-Associated Infections in Acute Care Hospitals in Jacksonville, Florida","volume":"33","author":"Magill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.0904","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 2017","volume":"152","author":"Umscheid","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw385","article-title":"Role of Cephalosporins in the Era of Clostridium Difficile Infection","volume":"72","author":"Wilcox","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X11399115","article-title":"Probiotics in the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhoea and Clostridium Difficile Infection","volume":"4","author":"Hickson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.02.003","article-title":"Timely Use of Probiotics in Hospitalized Adults Prevents Clostridium Difficile Infection: A Systematic Review with Meta-Regression Analysis","volume":"152","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"27","article-title":"Probiotics Are Effective at Preventing Clostridium Difficile-Associated Diarrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Lau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.18-009","article-title":"Combination Probiotics May Prevent Clostridium Difficile Infection among Elderly Patients Undergoing an Orthopedic Surgery","volume":"38","author":"Nagamine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci. Microbiota Food Health"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.03.008","article-title":"Effect of Probiotics on Gut Microbiome in Patients with Administration of Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis: A Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"26","author":"Kaku","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.912971","article-title":"The Combined Use of Tea Polyphenols and Lactobacillus plantarum ST8SH Bacteriocin in a Rabbit Model of Infection Following Femoral Fracture with Internal Fixation","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/8\/2021\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:26:39Z","timestamp":1760127999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/8\/2021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,6]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11082021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11082021","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,6]]}}}