{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T03:07:53Z","timestamp":1780456073689,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20jm0110013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20jm0110013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23fm0208101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fm0208101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"AMED","award":["JP20jm0110013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20jm0110013"]}]},{"name":"AMED","award":["JP23fm0208101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fm0208101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral hepatitis remains one of the largest public health concerns worldwide. Especially in Central Africa, information on hepatitis virus infections has been limited, although the prevalence in this region has been reported to be higher than the global average. To reveal the current status of hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) infections and the genetic diversity of the viruses, we conducted longitudinal surveillance in Gabon. We detected 22 HBV and 9 HCV infections in 2047 patients with febrile illness. Genetic analyses of HBV identified subgenotype A1 for the first time in Gabon and an insertion generating a frameshift to create an X-preC\/C fusion protein. We also revealed that most of the detected HCVs belonged to the \u201cGabon-specific\u201d HCV subtype 4e (HCV-4e), and the entire nucleotide sequence of the HCV-4e polyprotein was determined to establish the first reference sequence. The HCV-4e strains possessed resistance-associated substitutions similar to those of other HCV-4 strains, indicating that the use of direct-acting antiviral therapy may be complex. These results provide a better understanding of the current situation of hepatitis B and C virus infections in Central Africa and will help public health organizations develop effective countermeasures to eliminate chronic viral hepatitis in this region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11082046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T10:08:59Z","timestamp":1691575739000},"page":"2046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis B and C Viruses Revealed by Continuous Surveillance from 2015 to 2021 in Gabon, Central Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0141-5059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haruka","family":"Abe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Vietnam Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4169-315X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri","family":"Ushijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Biomedical Science, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6168-2928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigue","family":"Bikangui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 BP. 242, Gabon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgelin Nguema","family":"Ondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 BP. 242, Gabon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle M.","family":"Pemba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid R.","family":"Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick I.","family":"Mpingabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayato","family":"Ueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selidji T.","family":"Agnandji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 BP. 242, Gabon"},{"name":"Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertrand","family":"Lell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL), Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 BP. 242, Gabon"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9928-5621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiro","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, June 11). 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