{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T14:43:56Z","timestamp":1784385836936,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontal diseases are polymicrobial immune\u2013inflammatory diseases that can severely destroy tooth-supporting structures. The critical bacteria responsible for this destruction include red complex bacteria such as Porphoromonas gingivalis, Tanerella forsythia and Treponema denticola. These organisms have developed adaptive immune mechanisms against bacteriophages\/viruses, plasmids and transposons through clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and their associated proteins (Cas). The CRISPR-Cas system contributes to adaptive immunity, and this acquired genetic immune system of bacteria may contribute to moderating the microbiome of chronic periodontitis. The current research examined the role of the CRISPR-Cas system of red complex bacteria in the dysbiosis of oral bacteriophages in periodontitis. Whole-genome sequences of red complex bacteria were obtained and investigated for CRISPR using the CRISPR identification tool. Repeated spacer sequences were analyzed for homologous sequences in the bacteriophage genome and viromes using BLAST algorithms. The results of the BLAST spacer analysis for T. denticola spacers had a 100% score (e value with a bacillus phage), and the results for T. forsthyia and P. gingivalis had a 56% score with a pectophage and cellulophage (e value: 0.21), respectively. The machine learning model of the identified red complex CRISPR sequences predicts with area an under the curve (AUC) accuracy of 100 percent, indicating phage inhibition. These results infer that red complex bacteria could significantly inhibit viruses and phages with CRISPR immune sequences. Therefore, the role of viruses and bacteriophages in modulating sub-gingival bacterial growth in periodontitis is limited or questionable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11082060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T10:33:23Z","timestamp":1691750003000},"page":"2060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["CRISPR-Cas-Based Adaptive Immunity Mediates Phage Resistance in Periodontal Red Complex Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6653-4123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pradeep Kumar","family":"Yadalam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepavalli","family":"Arumuganainar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, 2\/102, East Coast Road, Uthandi, Chennai 600119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8269-088X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghavendra Vamsi","family":"Anegundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1073-9920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepti","family":"Shrivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontics Division, Preventive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultan Abdulkareem Ali","family":"Alftaikhah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifa Ali","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhanad Ali","family":"Alobaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Dentist, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12613, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1949-8618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah Ahmed","family":"Alkaberi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Dentist, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12613, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5969-6810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumar Chandan","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine & Maxillofacial Radiology Division, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411010120050301","article-title":"Role of Treponema denticola in periodontal diseases","volume":"12","author":"Sela","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit. 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