{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:42:45Z","timestamp":1791333765206,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigaci\u00f3n en Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA)","award":["2030-42000-055-00D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2030-42000-055-00D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Citrobacter werkmanii is an emerging and opportunistic human pathogen found in developing countries and is a causative agent of wound, urinary tract, and blood infections. The present study conducted comparative genomic analyses of a C. werkmanii strain collection from diverse geographical locations and sources to identify the relevant virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. Pangenome analyses divided the examined C. werkmanii strains into five distinct clades; the subsequent classification identified genes with functional roles in carbohydrate and general metabolism for the core genome and genes with a role in secretion, adherence, and the mobilome for the shell and cloud genomes. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree with a heatmap, showing the virulence and antimicrobial genes\u2019 presence or absence, demonstrated the presence of genes with functional roles in secretion systems, adherence, enterobactin, and siderophore among the strains belonging to the different clades. C. werkmanii strains in clade V, predominantly from clinical sources, harbored genes implicated in type II and type Vb secretion systems as well as multidrug resistance to aminoglycoside, beta-lactamase, fluoroquinolone, phenicol, trimethoprim, macrolides, sulfonamide, and tetracycline. In summary, these comparative genomic analyses have demonstrated highly pathogenic and multidrug-resistant genetic profiles in C. werkmanii strains, indicating a virulence potential for this commensal and opportunistic human pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11082114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T01:38:31Z","timestamp":1692581911000},"page":"2114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Comparative Genomic Analyses of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Citrobacter werkmanii, an Emerging Opportunistic Pathogen"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 R.","family":"Aguirre-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigaci\u00f3n en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alimentaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Coordinaci\u00f3n Regional Culiac\u00e1n, Culiacan 80110, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5010-9889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Qui\u00f1ones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Ortiz-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parque de Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica de la Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa, Culiacan 80040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rogelio","family":"Prieto-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parque de Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica de la Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa, Culiacan 80040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e9s F.","family":"Vega-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parque de Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica de la Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa, Culiacan 80040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6219-0418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Urtaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Gen\u00e8tica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Aut\u1eddnoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2962-3650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertram G.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crist\u00f3bal","family":"Chaidez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigaci\u00f3n en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alimentaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Coordinaci\u00f3n Regional Culiac\u00e1n, Culiacan 80110, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Caballero, B., Finglas, P.M., and Toldr\u00e1, F. (2016). Encyclopedia of Food and Health, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kus, J.V. (2014). Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00174-20","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00174-20","article-title":"The changing face of the family Enterobacteriaceae (Order: \u201cEnterobacterales\u201d): New members, taxonomic issues, geographic expansion, and new diseases and disease syndromes","volume":"34","author":"Janda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. 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