{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T19:13:39Z","timestamp":1783970019503,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microorganisms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maternal\u2013fetal infectious pathology\u2014notably the TORCH panel (Toxoplasma gondii, rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex viruses)\u2014critically impacts maternal and neonatal health. This review collates data on the seroprevalence of IgG and IgM antibodies against TORCH agents in Romanian women, aiming to discern regional and population differences and identify risk factors. Twenty studies were included in the review, revealing variable seroprevalence rates across the country. Regions such as Moldavia and Banat showed higher anti-T. gondii IgG seroprevalence rates than Bihor, with notable declines in Banat. Rural, older, and multiparous women showed elevated T. gondii IgG rates. Anti-rubella vaccine introduction significantly reduced the prevalence of anti-rubella IgG antibodies, but recent vaccination coverage decreases raise concerns. CMV and HSV seroprevalence varied geographically, with rural areas generally showing higher CMV rates and HSV influenced by factors like education level and number of sexual partners. Concurrent seroprevalence of multiple TORCH components in some cases underscores potential common risk factors. This study highlights the importance of continuous monitoring and preventive measures such as vaccinations and awareness campaigns to mitigate the health impact on the pregnant population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11082120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T01:38:31Z","timestamp":1692581911000},"page":"2120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Seroprevalence of Infections with TORCH Agents in Romania: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6731-6029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana Luiza","family":"Radoi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3510-3838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovidiu","family":"Zlatian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Balasoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucian","family":"Giubelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cVictor Babes\u201d Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology Clinical Hospital, 200515 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea Cristina","family":"Stoian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Dragonu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cVictor Babes\u201d Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology Clinical Hospital, 200515 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3449-3881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru","family":"Neacsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7823-3387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominic Gabriel","family":"Iliescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R151","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0232","article-title":"Influence of Infection during Pregnancy on Fetal Development","volume":"146","author":"McAdams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcu, E.A., Dinescu, S.N., P\u0103dureanu, V., Dumitrescu, F., and Diaconu, R. (2022). Perinatal Exposure to HIV Infection: The Experience of Craiova Regional Centre, Romania. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10020308"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cambrea, S.C., Marcu, E.A., Cucli, E., Badiu, D., Penciu, R., Petcu, C.L., Dumea, E., Halichidis, S., Pazara, L., and Mihai, C.M. (2022). Clinical and Biological Risk Factors Associated with Increased Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in Two South-East HIV-AIDS Regional Centers in Romania. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58020275"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.06.038","article-title":"The Role of Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment in the Perinatal Period","volume":"215","author":"Wright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.6073","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Maternal TORCH Serology as a Screen for Suspected Fetal Infection","volume":"42","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishaque, S., Yakoob, M.Y., Imdad, A., Goldenberg, R.L., Eisele, T.P., and Bhuta, Z.A. (2011). Effectiveness of Interventions to Screen and Manage Infections during Pregnancy on Reducing Stillbirths: A Review. BMC Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S3-S3"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: From Animals to Humans","volume":"30","author":"Tenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-235","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Unwashed Raw Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Control Seroprevalence Study","volume":"4","author":"Liesenfeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.04.003","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis Snapshots: Global Status of Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalence and Implications for Pregnancy and Congenital Toxoplasmosis","volume":"39","author":"Pappas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2015.05.001","article-title":"Prevalence and Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii among Saudi Pregnant Women in Saudi Arabia","volume":"24","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0633","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis-Serological Evidence and Associated Risk Factors among Pregnant Women in Southern Thailand","volume":"85","author":"Nissapatorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"205","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection amongst Residents of Tanga District in North-East Tanzania","volume":"11","author":"Swai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tanzan. J. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102175","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in the U.S.: Evidence from a Representative Cross-Sectional Survey","volume":"79","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1515\/arsm-2015-0015","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Population of Constan\u0163a, Romania","volume":"21","author":"Dumitru","year":"2015","journal-title":"ARS Medica Tomitana"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"5","article-title":"Prevalence of Antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Croatia","volume":"30","author":"Martucci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Croat. J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2028","article-title":"First Report on Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Study in Blood Donors","volume":"16","author":"Guzijan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stopi\u0107, M., \u0160tajner, T., Markovi\u0107-Deni\u0107, L., Nikoli\u0107, V., Djilas, I., Jovanovi\u0107 Srzenti\u0107, S., Djurkovi\u0107-Djakovi\u0107, O., and Bobi\u0107, B. (2022). Epidemiology of Toxoplasmosis in SERBIA: A Cross-Sectional Study on Blood Donors. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10030492"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2023, April 03). World Health Organization Rubella Reported Cases and Incidence. Available online: https:\/\/immunizationdata.who.int\/pages\/incidence\/RUBELLA.html?CODE=EUR&YEAR=."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2023, April 03). World Health Organization Rubella (German Measles, Three-Day Measles), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/rubella\/about\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2023, August 19). World Health Organization Global Measles & Rubella Strategic Plan. Dcp-3.Org 2012, 1\u201344. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241503396."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S381","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir104","article-title":"Status of Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Surveillance, 2005\u20132009, the World Health Organization European Region","volume":"204","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.12.016","article-title":"Toward Rubella Elimination in Europe: An Epidemiological Assessment","volume":"30","author":"Muscat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12584","article-title":"The State of Measles and Rubella in the WHO European Region, 2013","volume":"20","author":"Muscat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7023a1","article-title":"Progress Toward Rubella Elimination\u2014World Health Organization European Region, 2005-2019","volume":"70","author":"Yankovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30345","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.38.30345","article-title":"Epidemiological and Molecular Investigation of a Rubella Outbreak, Romania, 2011 to 2012","volume":"21","author":"Lazar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"75","article-title":"Clinical-Statistical Study of the Patients Who Suffer from Infections Which Are Brought about Factors of Torch Complex","volume":"8","author":"Neamtu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Craiova Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowler, K., Mucha, J., Neumann, M., Lewandowski, W., Kaczanowska, M., Grys, M., Schmidt, E., Natenshon, A., Talarico, C., and Buck, P.O. (2022). A Systematic Literature Review of the Global Seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus: Possible Implications for Treatment, Screening, and Vaccine Development. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13971-7"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.5604\/17331331.1227668","article-title":"High Seroprevalence of CMV Among Women of Childbearing Age Implicates High Burden of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in Poland","volume":"65","author":"Siennicka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2439","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Seroprevalence in Pregnant Women in the Western Region of Romania: A Large-Scale Study","volume":"20","author":"Gorun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mocanu, A., Gorun, F., Ciohat, I., Navolan, D., Malita, D., Vilibic-Cavlek, T., Dahma, G., Neamtu, R., Popescu, D., and Cioca, A. (2021). Simultaneous Seroprevalence to Toxoplasma gondii, Cytomegalovirus and Rubella Virus in Childbearing Women from Western Romania. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57090927"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-40-23","article-title":"Epidemiology of Toxoplasma and CMV Serology and of GBS Colonization in Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcome in a Sicilian Population","volume":"40","author":"Puccio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23757","article-title":"Susceptibility to Cytomegalovirus, Parvovirus B19 and Age-Dependent Differences in Levels of Rubella Antibodies among Pregnant Women","volume":"86","author":"Barlinn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817000103","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus Infection in France in 2010","volume":"145","author":"Antona","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.237149","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus: Global Infection Prevalence and Incidence Estimates, 2016","volume":"98","author":"James","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit458","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2\u2014United States, 1999\u20132010","volume":"209","author":"Bradley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 in Persons Aged 14\u201349: United States, 2015\u20132016","volume":"304","author":"McQuillan","year":"2018","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026889700856X","article-title":"An Epidemiologic Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and 2 Infection in Japan Based on Type-Specific Serological Assays","volume":"120","author":"Hashido","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy562","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Asia: Systematic Review, Meta-Analyses, and Meta-Regressions","volume":"68","author":"Khadr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"383","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 among Egyptian Children Aged from One to 15 Years Old: A Comparative Study","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afro-Egypt. J. Infect. Endem. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"24A","article-title":"Epidemiology of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection in the Developing World","volume":"11","author":"Weiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Herpes"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652013000500004","article-title":"Prevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 and Risk Factors Associated with This Infection in Women in Southern Brazil","volume":"55","author":"Caldeira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1086\/343739","article-title":"Age-Specific Prevalence of Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Types 2 and 1: A Global Review","volume":"186","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002388","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002388","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Europe: Systematic Review, Meta-Analyses and Meta-Regressions","volume":"5","author":"Yousuf","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1A","article-title":"Epidemiology of Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Developed Countries","volume":"11","author":"Malkin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Herpes"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2003.005850","article-title":"The Seroepidemiology of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and 2 in Europe","volume":"80","author":"Pebody","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woestenberg, P.J., Tjhie, J.H.T., de Melker, H.E., van der Klis, F.R.M., van Bergen, J.E.A.M., van der Sande, M.A.B., and van Benthem, B.H.B. (2016). Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 in the Netherlands: Seroprevalence, Risk Factors and Changes during a 12-Year Period. BMC Infect. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1707-8"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100558","article-title":"Epidemiology of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in Europe: Systematic Review, Meta-Analyses, and Meta-Regressions","volume":"25","author":"Alareeki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001509","article-title":"Epidemiological Review of Toxoplasmosis in Humans and Animals in Romania","volume":"141","author":"Dubey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"253","article-title":"Evaluation of the Anti-Rubella Immunity Levels on a Lot of 5,000 Sera from Women at Procreative Age, Tested by HAI, in Romania","volume":"48","author":"Dumitrescu","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Roum. Pathol. Exp. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"147","article-title":"Epidemiological Data on Toxoplasmosis. The Aspects of Congenital Toxoplasmosis","volume":"43","author":"Crucerescu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bacteriol. Virusol. Parazitol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"227","article-title":"The Epidemiological Aspects of Cytomegalic Infection in the Banat Region, Romania","volume":"44","author":"Moldovan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rev. Roum. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"61","article-title":"A Serological Probe of Cytomegalic Infection in Southwestern Romania. I. The Presence of IgG-CMV in a Sample Healthy Population","volume":"37","author":"Moldovan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bacteriol. Virusol. Parazitol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"37","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Anti Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in the Healthy Population from North-Western and Central Romania","volume":"1","author":"Coroiu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.3109\/23744235.2015.1028098","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Western Romania","volume":"47","author":"Olariu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lupu, M.A., Lighezan, R., Paduraru, A.A., Dragomir, A., Pavel, R., Grada, S., Mihu, A.G., Ursoniu, S., and Olariu, T.R. (2022). Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Blood Donors from Western Romania. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050973"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"31","article-title":"Toxoplasmic Infection in Pregnant Women from Cluj County and Neighbouring Area","volume":"23","author":"Costache","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Med. Inform. Orig. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"58","article-title":"Serological and Molecular Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Pregnant Women in Romania","volume":"77","author":"Neagoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rom. Arch. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2599","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Pregnant Women from Western Romania","volume":"20","author":"Olariu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"3536","article-title":"A Decreasing Trend in Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalence among Pregnant Women in Romania\u2014Results of a Large Scale Study","volume":"20","author":"Motoi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.11046","article-title":"Research on Demographic, Clinical and Paraclinical Aspects in Pregnant Women Infected with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"23","author":"Csep","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"61","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis-a Disease with High Epidemiological Risk in Humans and Animals","volume":"64","author":"Martinescu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Pap. J. Vet. Ser."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"367","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies among Women of Childbearing Age in Timis County","volume":"XLI","author":"Olariu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lucr. \u0218tiin\u021bifice Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2020057","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Women of Childbearing Age in an Endemic Region of Romania, 2016\u20132018","volume":"27","author":"Mihu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2021.0052","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Females Aged 15-45 Years from Bihor County, Western Romania","volume":"22","author":"Mihu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2435","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis Seroprevalence in Romanian Children","volume":"19","author":"Capraru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihu, A.G., Lupu, M.A., Nesiu, A., Marti, D.T., and Olariu, T.R. (2022). Screening for the Detection of Toxoplasma gondii IgG, IgM and IgA in Females of Reproductive Age from Western Romania. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12111771"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2013.09.006","article-title":"Environmental Determinants of Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Its Definitive Hosts","volume":"2","author":"Afonso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02369","article-title":"Continuous Decline of Toxoplasma Gondii Seroprevalence in Hospital: A 1997\u20132014 Longitudinal Study in Paris, France","volume":"9","author":"Guigue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mocanu, A.G., Stoian, D.L., Craciunescu, E.L., Ciohat, I.M., Motofelea, A.C., Navolan, D.B., Vilibic-Cavlek, T., Stevanovic, V., Nemescu, D., and Forga, M. (2022). The Impact of Latent Toxoplasma gondii Infection on Spontaneous Abortion History and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Large-Scale Study. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101944"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900041","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.29.1900041","article-title":"Characterisation of Measles after the Introduction of the Combined Measles-Mumps-Rubella (Mmr) Vaccine in 2004 with Focus on the Laboratory Data, 2016 to 2019 Outbreak, Romania","volume":"24","author":"Lazar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2023, March 21). Rubeola. Available online: https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rubeol%C4%83."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2807\/esm.09.04.00457-en","article-title":"A Large Rubella Outbreak, Romania\u20142003","volume":"9","author":"Rafila","year":"2004","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorun, F., Malita, D., Ciohat, I., Vilibic-Cavlek, T., Feier, H., Tabain, I., Craina, M., Cretu, O., and Navolan, D. (2021). Prevalence of Rubella Antibodies among Fertile Women in the West of Romania, 18 Years after the Implementation of Immunization. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020104"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"880","article-title":"Epidemiologic Research on Rubella Incidence in Various Demographic Structures, in a North-Eastern Area of Romania]","volume":"108","author":"Costan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat. Iasi."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2023, August 19). Monthly Measles and Rubella Monitoring Report\u2014April 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/monthly-measles-and-rubella-monitoring-report-april-2020."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2023, March 20). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Notification Rate of Rubella per Million Population by Country, December 2021\u2013November 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/notification-rate-rubella-million-population-country-december-2021-november-2022."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2005.11.006","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus Vaccine: Time to Look for Alternative Options","volume":"12","author":"Khanna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2008.046","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Herpes Simplex Virus Infection among Pregnant Women","volume":"36","author":"Arama","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.07.026","article-title":"Type-Specific Herpes Simplex Virus-1 and Herpes Simplex Virus-2 Seroprevalence in Romania: Comparison of Prevalence and Risk Factors in Women and Men","volume":"14","author":"Arama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2903-1_7","article-title":"Interference in ELISA","volume":"2612","author":"Matson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"(2023, March 24). Eurostat Mortality and Life Expectancy Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=Mortality_and_life_expectancy_statistics#Infant_mortality."}],"container-title":["Microorganisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/8\/2120\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:38:06Z","timestamp":1760128686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2607\/11\/8\/2120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["microorganisms11082120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11082120","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2607"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2607","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]]}}}